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    Biomedical applications of engineered heparin-based materials
    (Keai Publishing Ltd, 2024) Zare, Ehsan Nazarzadeh; Khorsandi, Danial; Zarepour, Atefeh; Yilmaz, Hulya; Agarwal, Tarun; Hooshmand, Sara; Mohammadinejad, Reza
    Heparin is a negatively charged polysaccharide with various chain lengths and a hydrophilic backbone. Due to its fascinating chemical and physical properties, nontoxicity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, heparin has been extensively used in different fields of medicine, such as cardiovascular and hematology. This review highlights recent and future advancements in designing materials based on heparin for various biomedical ap-plications. The physicochemical and mechanical properties, biocompatibility, toxicity, and biodegradability of heparin are discussed. In addition, the applications of heparin-based materials in various biomedical fields, such as drug/gene delivery, tissue engineering, cancer therapy, and biosensors, are reviewed. Finally, challenges, opportunities, and future perspectives in preparing heparin-based materials are summarized.
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    Carbon-based nanozymes for cancer therapy and diagnosis: a review
    (Elsevier b.v., 2025) Cordani, Marco; Fernández-Lucas, Jesús; Khosravi, Arezoo; Zare, Ehsan Nazarzadeh; Makvandi, Pooyan; Zarrabi, Ali; Iravani, Siavash
    Carbon-based nanozymes (CNs) have emerged as a significant innovation in targeted cancer therapy, demonstrating great potential for advancing cancer diagnosis and treatment. With exceptional catalytic properties, remarkable biocompatibility, and the ability to precisely target cancer cells, CNs provide a promising avenue for the development of novel oncological therapies. By functionalizing their surfaces with targeting ligands, such as antibodies or peptides, CNs can specifically recognize and bind to cancer cells. This targeted approach ensures that therapeutic agents are delivered directly to the tumor site, minimizing off-target effects, and reducing systemic toxicity. Additionally, the enzyme-like activities of CNs, when combined with conventional therapies such as chemotherapeutics, photothermal therapy, and photodynamic therapy, or other modalities can enhance therapeutic outcomes. Integrating CNs into clinical practice could significantly improve therapeutic efficacy, reduce probable side effects, enhance patient outcomes, and drive a shift towards more personalized cancer care. Besides, CNs can also be employed in biosensors and diagnostic nanomaterials, enabling rapid, selective, and highly accurate detection of specific biomarkers. Their versatile functionalities open new avenues for refining imaging techniques, ultimately contributing to early diagnosis and better clinical decision-making. This review consolidates recent studies exploring CNs in cancer targeting, highlighting both their diagnostic and therapeutic potential in oncology.
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    Electrically conductive carbon-based (bio)-nanomaterials for cardiac tissue engineering
    (John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2022) Jalilinejad, Negin; Rabiee, Mohammad; Baheiraei, Nafiseh; Ghahremanzadeh, Ramin; Salarian, Reza; Rabiee, Navid; Akhavan, Omid; Zarrintaj, Payam; Hejna, Aleksander; Saeb, Mohammad Reza; Zarrabi, Ali; Sharifi, Esmaeel; Yousefiasl, Satar; Zare, Ehsan Nazarzadeh
    A proper self-regenerating capability is lacking in human cardiac tissue which along with the alarming rate of deaths associated with cardiovascular disorders makes tissue engineering critical. Novel approaches are now being investigated in order to speedily overcome the challenges in this path. Tissue engineering has been revolutionized by the advent of nanomaterials, and later by the application of carbon-based nanomaterials because of their exceptional variable functionality, conductivity, and mechanical properties. Electrically conductive biomaterials used as cell bearers provide the tissue with an appropriate microenvironment for the specific seeded cells as substrates for the sake of protecting cells in biological media against attacking mechanisms. Nevertheless, their advantages and shortcoming in view of cellular behavior, toxicity, and targeted delivery depend on the tissue in which they are implanted or being used as a scaffold. This review seeks to address, summarize, classify, conceptualize, and discuss the use of carbon-based nanoparticles in cardiac tissue engineering emphasizing their conductivity. We considered electrical conductivity as a key affecting the regeneration of cells. Correspondingly, we reviewed conductive polymers used in tissue engineering and specifically in cardiac repair as key biomaterials with high efficiency. We comprehensively classified and discussed the advantages of using conductive biomaterials in cardiac tissue engineering. An overall review of the open literature on electroactive substrates including carbon-based biomaterials over the last decade was provided, tabulated, and thoroughly discussed. The most commonly used conductive substrates comprising graphene, graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, and carbon nanofibers in cardiac repair were studied. © 2022 The Authors. Bioengineering & Translational Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Institute of Chemical Engineers.
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    Magnetic nanocomposites for biomedical applications
    (Elsevier B.V., 2022) Naghdi, Mina; Ghovvati, Mahsa; Rabiee, Navid; Ahmadi, Sepideh; Abbariki, Nikzad; Sojdeh, Soheil; Ojaghi, Amirhossein; Bagherzadeh, Mojtaba; Akhavan, Omid; Sharifi, Esmaeel; Rabiee, Mohammad; Saeb, Mohammad Reza; Bolouri, Keivan; Webster, Thomas J.; Zare, Ehsan Nazarzadeh; Zarrabi, Ali
    Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have solved numerous problems related to the repair and regeneration of damaged organs and tissues arising from aging, illnesses, and injuries. Nanotechnology has further aided tissue regeneration science and has provided outstanding opportunities to help disease diagnosis as well as treat damaged tissues. Based on the most recent findings, magnetic nanostructures (MNSs), in particular, have emerged as promising materials for detecting, directing, and supporting tissue regeneration. There have been many reports concerning the role of these nano-building blocks in the regeneration of both soft and hard tissues, but the subject has not been extensively reviewed. Here, we review, classify, and discuss various synthesis strategies for novel MNSs used in medicine. Advanced applications of magnetic nanocomposites (MG-NCs), specifically magnetic nanostructures, are further systematically reviewed. In addition, the scientific and technical aspects of MG-NC used in medicine are discussed considering the requirements for the field. In summary, this review highlights the numerous opportunities and challenges associated with the use of MG-NCs as smart nanocomposites (NCs) in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.