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    A comprehensive review of the recent developments in thermoplastics and rubber blends-based composites and nanocomposites
    (Wiley, 2023) Urtekin, Gizem; Ullah, Muhammad Saeed; Yildirim, Rumeysa; Ozkoc, Guralp; Kodal, Mehmet
    Various blends and composites have been prepared during the past decade to address limitations, including the poor mechanical properties of polymers, or to balance out the high cost of synthetic polymers. Rubber-based thermoplastic blends and composites are being developed to attain improved performance and balanced qualities for usage in a variety of industries, including automotive, packaging, home products, space technology, and biomedical. Thermoplastics can be produced via standard manufacturing procedures and have outstanding qualities like low density, good chemical resistance, and heat resistance. However, rubbers are being used because of their elastic attributes, including their resilience, impact resistance, and good tear strength. These two materials work well together when blended or combined. In this article, an effort was made to narrow the gap between rubbers and thermoplastics. The mechanical, rheological, and morphological properties of the rubber/thermoplastic blends and composites/nanocomposites containing various types of conventional fillers and nanofillers were discussed comprehensively. Blends of these materials can provide too easier melt processing as well as financial benefits. The flexible nature and damping properties of rubber and better thermal stability and thermoplastic processability contributed to the development of high-performance rubber/thermoplastic composites with better ductility, impact strength, and stiffness. Rubber reduced the high brittleness of thermoplastics because of its resilience and damping properties. In contrast, the poor processability and weak chemical resistance of rubbers were overcome via better processability and higher stiffness of thermoplastics. Rubber-based thermoplastic composites and nanocomposites have been reported to offer greater flexibility, better processing, high impact strength, and chemical resistance.HighlightsThe properties of rubber/thermoplastic blends were discussed in this article.More recent advancements in rubber/thermoplastic blends were evaluated.Morphological properties depend on the rubber/thermoplastic blend ratio.The addition of reinforcements affects the rheological properties.Dispersion of additives and blend ratio influence the mechanical properties. Rubber/thermoplastic blends and composites.image
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    Effects of Hybrid POSS Nanoparticles on the Properties of Thermoplastic Elastomer-Toughened Polyamide 6
    (Amer Chemical Soc, 2023) Yildirim, Rumeysa; Ullah, Muhammad Saeed; Kocoglu, Hurol; Un, Merve; Cakir, Nazli Yazici; Demir, Gulsah; Cetin, Duygu
    In this study, polyamide 6 (PA6)/thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) blends were prepared to decrease the notch sensitivity of PA6 for automotive applications, and the morphological, rheological, mechanical, and thermal properties of PA6/TPE blends, which are partially miscible or immiscible depending on the TPE ratio, were significantly improved in the existence of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanoparticles with multiple reactive epoxy groups as compatibilizers. An unstable phase morphology was obtained with the addition of TPE into PA6 without POSS nanoparticles, whereas interfacial interactions between phases in the presence of POSS were enhanced as a result of a significant decrease in the average particle size from 1.39 to 0.41 mu m. The complex viscosity value of the 70PA6/30TPE blend, which was 20 kPa/s(-1) at 0.1 rad/s angular frequency, reached 380 kPa/s(-1) with the addition of POSS due to the formation of long chains by the generation of graft and/or block copolymers, which resulted in a 65% increase in Young's modulus value. Most notably, the Izod impact strength of pure PA6, which was 10 kJ/m(2), increased by 290% with the incorporation of POSS. It was confirmed by FTIR analysis that the reactive multiple epoxy groups of MultEpPOSS and EPPOSS nanoparticles react with the proper groups of PA6 and/or TPE, and also, a partial hydrogen bonding interaction occurs between PA6-TPE from the shifting of N-H and carbonyl peaks. In conclusion, it can be suggested that POSS nanoparticles can serve as highly effective compatibilizers for PA6/TPE blends and have potential commercial applications, especially in the automotive sector.
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    Improved Heat Dissipation of NR/SBR-Based Tire Tread Compounds via Hybrid Fillers of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube and Carbon Black
    (Mdpi, 2023) Kodal, Mehmet; Cakir, Nazli Yazici; Yildirim, Rumeysa; Karakaya, Nursel; Ozkoc, Guralp
    The development of thermally conductive rubber nanocomposites for heat management poses a formidable challenge in numerous applications, notably within the realm of tire technology. Notably, rubber materials are characterized by their inherently low thermal conductivity. Consequently, it becomes imperative to incorporate diverse conductive fillers to mitigate the propensity for heat build-up. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), as reinforcement agents within the tire tread compounds, have gained considerable attention owing to their extraordinary attributes. The attainment of high-performance rubber nanocomposites hinges significantly on the uniform distribution of MWCNT. This study presents the influence of MWCNTs on the performance of carbon black (CB)-reinforced natural rubber (NR)/styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) tire compounds prepared via high shear melt mixing. Morphological analysis showed a good distribution of MWCNTs in the NR/SBR/CB compound. The vulcanization parameters, such as the maximum and minimum torque, cross-linking density, hardness, abrasion resistance, tensile strength, and Young modulus, exhibited a progressive improvement with the addition of MWCNT. Remarkably, adding MWCNT into CB improved the heat conductivity of the NR/SBR/CB compounds, hence decreasing the heat build-up. A percolation mode was also proposed for the hybrid carbon fillers based on the data obtained.
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    Miscibility and phase behavior of reactively compatibilized poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene succinate) bio-blends using various rheological analyses
    (Wiley, 2023) Ullah, Muhammad Saeed; Yildirim, Rumeysa; Caraseva, Lulia; Zuza, Ester; Ozkoc, Guralp; Kodal, Mehmet
    This study focuses on the compatibilization of PLA/poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) blends using mono- and multi-epoxide POSS (MoEpPOSS and MuEpPOSS) nanoparticles, from a rheological point of view for the first time in the literature. The addition of PBS to PLA decreased the complex viscosity, storage modulus, and loss modulus, indicating weak interactions between polymers. However, the incorporation of MoEpPOSS and MuEpPOSS increased the complex viscosity and storage modulus due to the formation of long polymeric chains or complex polymeric structures through interactions between the epoxide groups of POSS and the end groups of the polymers. The effect was more significant with MuEpPOSS because MuEpPOSS has multiple epoxide groups in its cage structure, leading to stronger interactions with the polymers. POSS incorporation resulted in semicircular and arc-shaped curves in the Cole-Cole plots, indicating better dispersion, phase homogeneity, and compatibility. The introduction of POSS also influenced the dynamic loss tangent (tan d) versus frequency (?) plot. When POSS was introduced, the tan d peak decreased and shifted to a higher frequency, indicating improved compatibility, and enhanced interfacial adhesion. These findings indicated that the addition of epoxy-POSS nanoparticles can effectively compatibilize PLA/PBS blends and enhance their rheological properties, potentially improving their overall performance for various applications.