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    A comprehensive review of the recent developments in thermoplastics and rubber blends-based composites and nanocomposites
    (Wiley, 2023) Urtekin, Gizem; Ullah, Muhammad Saeed; Yildirim, Rumeysa; Ozkoc, Guralp; Kodal, Mehmet
    Various blends and composites have been prepared during the past decade to address limitations, including the poor mechanical properties of polymers, or to balance out the high cost of synthetic polymers. Rubber-based thermoplastic blends and composites are being developed to attain improved performance and balanced qualities for usage in a variety of industries, including automotive, packaging, home products, space technology, and biomedical. Thermoplastics can be produced via standard manufacturing procedures and have outstanding qualities like low density, good chemical resistance, and heat resistance. However, rubbers are being used because of their elastic attributes, including their resilience, impact resistance, and good tear strength. These two materials work well together when blended or combined. In this article, an effort was made to narrow the gap between rubbers and thermoplastics. The mechanical, rheological, and morphological properties of the rubber/thermoplastic blends and composites/nanocomposites containing various types of conventional fillers and nanofillers were discussed comprehensively. Blends of these materials can provide too easier melt processing as well as financial benefits. The flexible nature and damping properties of rubber and better thermal stability and thermoplastic processability contributed to the development of high-performance rubber/thermoplastic composites with better ductility, impact strength, and stiffness. Rubber reduced the high brittleness of thermoplastics because of its resilience and damping properties. In contrast, the poor processability and weak chemical resistance of rubbers were overcome via better processability and higher stiffness of thermoplastics. Rubber-based thermoplastic composites and nanocomposites have been reported to offer greater flexibility, better processing, high impact strength, and chemical resistance.HighlightsThe properties of rubber/thermoplastic blends were discussed in this article.More recent advancements in rubber/thermoplastic blends were evaluated.Morphological properties depend on the rubber/thermoplastic blend ratio.The addition of reinforcements affects the rheological properties.Dispersion of additives and blend ratio influence the mechanical properties. Rubber/thermoplastic blends and composites.image
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    Effects of Hybrid POSS Nanoparticles on the Properties of Thermoplastic Elastomer-Toughened Polyamide 6
    (Amer Chemical Soc, 2023) Yildirim, Rumeysa; Ullah, Muhammad Saeed; Kocoglu, Hurol; Un, Merve; Cakir, Nazli Yazici; Demir, Gulsah; Cetin, Duygu
    In this study, polyamide 6 (PA6)/thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) blends were prepared to decrease the notch sensitivity of PA6 for automotive applications, and the morphological, rheological, mechanical, and thermal properties of PA6/TPE blends, which are partially miscible or immiscible depending on the TPE ratio, were significantly improved in the existence of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanoparticles with multiple reactive epoxy groups as compatibilizers. An unstable phase morphology was obtained with the addition of TPE into PA6 without POSS nanoparticles, whereas interfacial interactions between phases in the presence of POSS were enhanced as a result of a significant decrease in the average particle size from 1.39 to 0.41 mu m. The complex viscosity value of the 70PA6/30TPE blend, which was 20 kPa/s(-1) at 0.1 rad/s angular frequency, reached 380 kPa/s(-1) with the addition of POSS due to the formation of long chains by the generation of graft and/or block copolymers, which resulted in a 65% increase in Young's modulus value. Most notably, the Izod impact strength of pure PA6, which was 10 kJ/m(2), increased by 290% with the incorporation of POSS. It was confirmed by FTIR analysis that the reactive multiple epoxy groups of MultEpPOSS and EPPOSS nanoparticles react with the proper groups of PA6 and/or TPE, and also, a partial hydrogen bonding interaction occurs between PA6-TPE from the shifting of N-H and carbonyl peaks. In conclusion, it can be suggested that POSS nanoparticles can serve as highly effective compatibilizers for PA6/TPE blends and have potential commercial applications, especially in the automotive sector.
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    Investigation of effects of MoEpPOSS nanoparticle on the morphological and rheological properties of PA6/TPE blends
    (İdris Karagöz, 31 Temmuz 2024) Yıldırım, Rumeysa; Koçoğlu, Hürol; Ün, Merve; Ullah, Muhammad Saeed; Yakar, İpek; Ozkoc, Guralp; Mert, Olcay; Kodal, Mehmet
    Polyamide 6 (PA6) is one of the used engineering thermoplastics with the advantages of high resistance to chemicals and abrasion, high fatigue resistance and toughness. However, it has some disadvantages such as low impact strength and notch sensitivity. The blend of PA6 with elastomers can mitigate these shortcomings. Lately, thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) have been frequently used to toughen notch-sensitive polymers such as PA6 due to their outstanding properties such as high elasticity, recyclability, and easy processing. As it is known, obtaining superior properties in polymer blends relies on the interfacial interaction between the components of the blend. Additionally, by using compatibilizers, blends with the required properties can be created by enhancing interaction between phases, or interfacial adhesion. Recently, polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanoparticles, organic/inorganic hybrid nanoparticles, are preferred as an alternative compatibilizer to conventional types. In this study, PA6/TPE blends were compatibilized with POSS nanoparticle with single epoxy group (MoEpPOSS). The morphological and rheological properties of PA6/TPE blends compatibilized with MoEpPOSS nanoparticle were investigated. Also, possible chemical interactions between PA6 and/or TPE and MoEpPOSS nanoparticle were determined via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses.
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    Miscibility and phase behavior of reactively compatibilized poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene succinate) bio-blends using various rheological analyses
    (Wiley, 2023) Ullah, Muhammad Saeed; Yildirim, Rumeysa; Caraseva, Lulia; Zuza, Ester; Ozkoc, Guralp; Kodal, Mehmet
    This study focuses on the compatibilization of PLA/poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) blends using mono- and multi-epoxide POSS (MoEpPOSS and MuEpPOSS) nanoparticles, from a rheological point of view for the first time in the literature. The addition of PBS to PLA decreased the complex viscosity, storage modulus, and loss modulus, indicating weak interactions between polymers. However, the incorporation of MoEpPOSS and MuEpPOSS increased the complex viscosity and storage modulus due to the formation of long polymeric chains or complex polymeric structures through interactions between the epoxide groups of POSS and the end groups of the polymers. The effect was more significant with MuEpPOSS because MuEpPOSS has multiple epoxide groups in its cage structure, leading to stronger interactions with the polymers. POSS incorporation resulted in semicircular and arc-shaped curves in the Cole-Cole plots, indicating better dispersion, phase homogeneity, and compatibility. The introduction of POSS also influenced the dynamic loss tangent (tan d) versus frequency (?) plot. When POSS was introduced, the tan d peak decreased and shifted to a higher frequency, indicating improved compatibility, and enhanced interfacial adhesion. These findings indicated that the addition of epoxy-POSS nanoparticles can effectively compatibilize PLA/PBS blends and enhance their rheological properties, potentially improving their overall performance for various applications.
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    Reactive compatibilization of PLA/PBS bio-blends via a new generation of hybrid nanoparticles
    (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2022) Ullah, Muhammad Saeed; Yıldırım, Rümeysa; Kodal, Mehmet; Özkoç, Güralp
    Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) is a worthy biodegradable thermoplastic polyester for blending along with other biopolymers, especially with poly (lactic acid) (PLA), to overcome its inadequacies in mechanical and thermal characteristics. Since binary blends of PLA and PBS showed that they are incompatible, compatibilization is required. In this work, multi-epoxide polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (Glycidyl POSS) was added to PLA and PBS using the melt blending method to make them compatible. The blends were prepared at different weight ratios having different amounts of compatibilizer. SEM analysis showed that the Glycidyl POSS impacted the interfacial adhesion and other properties of PLA and PBS blends. Noticeable improvements in mechanical properties were revealed by tensile and impact test results. Tensile strength and Young's modulus were improved when epoxy-POSS was added up to 1 and 3 wt% into ternary blends, but further increasing POSS concentrations resulted in lower values. FTIR analysis showed a strong interaction between the epoxide group of POSS and the end groups of PBS or PLA. The thermal properties of samples were analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. The shifts in glass transition temperatures of the PLA phase towards lower values appeared in DSC, confirming the enhanced compatibility of PLA and PBS. Also, the reinforcing ability of the POSS inorganic core structure impacted the thermal stability of the blends.
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    A review on polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes as a new multipurpose nanohybrid additive for poly(lactic acid) and poly(lactic acid) hybrid composites
    (WILEY, 2022) Ullah, Muhammad Saeed; Yazıcı, Nazlı; Wis, Abdulmounem Alchekh; Özkoç, Güralp; Kodal, Mehmet
    Abstract The production of petroleum-based polymers in huge amounts is perilous for our ecosystem and oil reserves. The use of biodegradable polymers instead of synthetic polymers for various commodity, engineering, and biomedical applications remains the overriding concern of the researchers in last decades. Although poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is considered to be the most befitting substitute for conventional petroleum-based products because of its superlative mechanical properties, material & processing cost, and non-toxicity, they have some consequential limitations for various applications because of their slow rate of crystallization, low thermal stability, high brittleness, and low toughness. To overwhelm these deficiencies during the last two decades, researchers have developed various techniques to tailor the properties of PLA, that is, blending with other polymers or using additives such as nanofillers. Among all the nanofillers, for example, carbon nanotubes and organoclays, polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) was found the most promising nanofiller because of its organic and inorganic nanostructure and fine dispersion into PLA matrix. This article reviews all the investigations relevant to POSS incorporation into PLA or blends of PLA with other polymers to compare the mechanical, morphological, and physical properties of the ameliorated composites and the neat PLA.