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    Enhancing urinalysis with smartphone and AI: a comprehensive review of point-of-care urinalysis and nutritional advice
    (Springer Int Publ Ag, 2024) Celik, Haluk; Caf, Balim Bengisu; Geyik, Caner; Cebi, Gizem; Tayfun, Miray
    Point-of-care diagnostics (POC), including urine test strips, offer several advantages over traditional laboratory-based urine analysis. POC allows us to regulate our nutritional needs. Urine analysis is a common diagnostic and well-being monitoring tool used to evaluate the overall health of an individual. It involves the examination of a sample of urine to detect and measure various substances and markers found in urine, such as proteins, glucose, leukocytes, ketones, and bilirubin, among others. Urine test strips, also known as dipstick tests, are a quick and convenient method of urine analysis that can be performed in conjunction with smartphone and AI-based analyses. These tests use a small strip of paper with chemically-treated reagents that change color when they react with specific substances found in urine. Dietary intake can have a significant impact on the composition of urine, as certain nutrients and compounds are metabolized and excreted through the kidneys. Understanding the effects of dietary intake on urine biomarkers can provide valuable insight into the overall health and nutritional status of individuals. This review explores existing literature to highlight the intersection between strip-based urine analysis, smartphone-based analysis, gold standards, and recent developments in urine analysis.
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    Evaluation of Traceability of Dietary Urine Biochemistry Changes with Commercial Urine Strips
    (Marmara University, 28 Haziran 2024) Çebi, Gizem; Caf, Balım Bengisu; Kozan, Esra; Derman, Serap; Çelik, Haluk; Tayfun, Miray
    Objective: This research aims to (i) examine the effects of nutrition on urine biochemistry and (ii) compare the two different measurement methods (laboratory and commercial strip). This means it is desired to bring a new direction to the literature. Methods: The study involved 42 women aged 20-30 from Turkey and examined the urinary excretion of calcium, vitamin C (smoker and non-smoker), sodium, and magnesium based on nutritional status. The collected urine samples were applied onto commercial urine strips, and the resulting color changes were recorded by smartphone; at the same time, it was sent to the laboratory for comparative analysis. The obtained data were used in regression and correlation statistical analysis. All statistical analyzes were performed using IBM SPSS 28.0. Results: While evaluating the regression analysis results in which the excretion due to nutrition was examined, each nutritional level was compared to the restricted intake. ANOVA sig values <.001, t values 1.96 <, in all metabolites (calcium, vitamin C, sodium, magnesium) evaluations. The following rates (R2 values) were obtained restricted/optimal nutrition in calcium, vitamin C, sodium, and magnesium: .636, .575, .386, and .209 respectively; restricted/high nutrition in calcium, vitamin C (non-smoker), vitamin C (smoker), sodium, magnesium: .442, .308, .482,.413 and .337 respectively; restricted/supplement in calcium, vitamin C, magnesium: .273, .698 and .799. Calcium and magnesium strips correlated strongly with lab results, correlation coefficients are .679 and .59 respectively. Sodium and creatinine strips correlated very strongly with lab results, correlation coefficients are .876 and .884 respectively. Conclusion: The study revealed that nutrition significantly affected urine excretion levels for calcium, vitamin C, sodium, and magnesium. Additionally, the results showed that urine strips had a correlation with laboratory results indicating their usefulness for pre-diagnosis purposes.
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    Smartphone-Based Point-of-Care Urinalysis Vivoo App: A Validation Study
    (International Society of Academicians, 15 Nisan 2024) Caf, Balım Bengisu; Çebi, Gizem; Çelik, Haluk; Noroozi, Aliasghar; Atasever, Ali; Tayfun, Miray
    Point-of-care (POC) analysis has emerged as a pivotal approach in providing rapid and convenient medical diagnostics. Smartphone-based solutions further augment the accessibility and ease of POC, enabling efficient on-the-go analysis. The integration of smartphone technology with POC has paved the way for innovative applications such as the Vivoo App, which empowers users to monitor various health parameters conveniently. Our study validated the accuracy and reliability of the smartphone-based POC urinalysis Vivoo mobile application. A comparative approach was followed wherein artificial urine samples were analyzed using both the Vivoo and traditional laboratory methods. A diverse range of health parameters were assessed. A total of 2618 strips were used over the course of this study to evalate the accuracy of Vivoo. The test strips results appeared to match exactly the expected measurement results. In addition, when the ±1 color block acceptance criterion was applied, 2608 of 2618 measurements of the tested strips were found to have met the expected measurement results completely. Based on the results, the 95% confidence interval for the exact match agreement proportion of Vivoo is 87.55% ± 1.27% and 99.62% ± 0.24%. As a wellness product, this study thus concludes that the Vivoo is appropriate in terms of both device reliability and performance. The app's ability to provide accurate and timely health results offers promising opportunities to improve individual health management.