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    Advances in phototheranostic agents: From imaging to targeted therapy
    (Elsevier Ltd., 2025) Samadzadeh, Meisam; Khosravi, Arezoo; Zarepour, Atefeh; Noei, Hadi; Sivakumar, Ponnurengam Malliappan; Iravani, Siavash; Zarrabi, Ali
    The recent evolution of phototheranostic agents represents a groundbreaking intersection of diagnostic imaging and targeted therapy, particularly in oncology. This review aims to elucidate the recent advances in phototheranostic agents, highlighting their dual functionality in imaging and targeted therapy. Despite significant progress, several challenges persist, including the optimization of agent specificity, light penetration in tissues, and the potential for off-target effects. The variability in tumor microenvironments presents a significant obstacle, complicating the development of universal phototheranostic agents. Moreover, concerns regarding the long-term stability, potential toxicity, and biocompatibility of these agents necessitate thorough evaluation and optimization. Notably, the complexity of designing nanoparticles that can effectively deliver both imaging and therapeutic modalities poses additional hurdles. Future perspectives in this field emphasize the need for innovative strategies to enhance agent stability, biocompatibility, and targeted delivery. Furthermore, ongoing research focuses on the development of novel light-based techniques and the exploration of combination therapies to improve treatment efficacy. By addressing these challenges, the potential of phototheranostic agents to transform personalized cancer therapy becomes increasingly promising. This review serves as a comprehensive overview of the current landscape, challenges, and future directions in phototheranostic research, ultimately aiming to inform and inspire further investigation in this dynamic field. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd
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    Anionic polysaccharides as delivery carriers for cancer therapy and theranostics: An overview of significance
    (Elsevier b.v., 2025) Sivakumar, Ponnurengam Malliappan; Zarepour, Atefeh; Akhter, Sohail; Perumal, Govindaraj; Khosravi, Arezoo; Balasekar, Premkumar; Zarrabi, Ali
    Recently, cancer therapy has witnessed remarkable advancements with a growing focus on precision medicine and targeted drug delivery strategies. The application of anionic polysaccharides has gained traction in various drug delivery systems. Anionic polysaccharides have emerged as promising delivery carriers in cancer therapy and theranostics, offering numerous advantages such as biocompatibility, low toxicity, and the ability to encapsulate and deliver therapeutic agents to tumor sites with high specificity. This review underscores the significance of anionic polysaccharides as essential components of the evolving landscape of cancer therapy and theranostics. These polymers can be tailored to carry a wide range of therapeutic cargo, including chemotherapeutic agents, nucleic acids, and imaging agents. Their negative charge enables electrostatic interactions with positively charged drugs and facilitates the formation of stable nanoparticles, liposomes, or hydrogels for controlled drug release. Additionally, their hydrophilic nature aids in prolonging circulation time, reducing drug degradation, and minimizing off-target effects. Besides, some of them could act as targeting agents or therapeutic compounds that lead to improved therapeutic performance. This review offers valuable information for researchers, clinicians, and biomedical engineers. It provides insights into the recent progress in the applications of anionic polysaccharide-based delivery platforms in cancer theranostics to transform patient outcomes.
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    An Insight into the Polymeric Nanoparticles Applications in Diabetes Diagnosis and Treatment
    (Bentham Science Publ Ltd, 2023) Dehghani, Parisa; Rad, Monireh Esmaeili; Zarepour, Atefeh; Sivakumar, Ponnurengam Malliappan; Zarrabi, Ali
    Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a type of chronic metabolic disease that has affected millions of people worldwide and is known with a defect in the amount of insulin secretion, insulin functions, or both. This deficiency leads to an increase in the amounts of glucose, which could be accompanied by long-term damages to other organs such as eyes, kidneys, heart, and nervous system. Thus, introducing an appropriate approach for diagnosis and treatment of different types of DM is the aim of several researches. By the emergence of nanotechnology and its application in medicine, new approaches were presented for these purposes. The object of this review article is to introduce different types of polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs), as one of the most important classes of nanoparticles, for diabetic management. To achieve this goal, at first, some of the conventional therapeutic and diagnostic methods of DM will be reviewed. Then, different types of PNPs, in two forms of natural and synthetic polymers with different properties, as a new method for DM treatment and diagnosis will be introduced. In the next section, the transport mechanisms of these types of nano-carriers across the epithelium, via paracellular and transcellular pathways will be explained. Finally, the clinical use of PNPs in the treatment and diagnosis of DM will be summarized. Based on the results of this literature review, PNPs could be considered one of the most promising methods for DM management.