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Öğe Battery fault diagnosis methods for electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries: Correlating codes and battery management system(Institution of chemical engineers, 2025) Naresh, G.; Praveenkumar, T.; Madheswaran, Dinesh Kumar; Varuvel, Edwin Geo; Pugazhendhi, Arivalagan; Thangamuthu, Mohanraj; Muthiya, S. JenorisLithium-ion batteries are the heart of modern electric vehicle technology. Operational stresses such as temperature changes, mechanical impacts, and electrochemical aging often subject them to faults, necessitating accurate fault diagnosis that adheres to international safety standards. Consequently, this review examines state-ofthe-art fault diagnosis methodologies, emphasizing their integration with global safety frameworks such as the International Organization for Standardization, International Electrotechnical Commission, Society of Automotive Engineers, etc. A thorough analysis of artificial fault induction techniques-such as overcharging and overheating-is presented to assess their effectiveness in validating diagnostic algorithms. Additionally, the role of machine learning in battery management systems is reviewed, where the Feature Fusion and Expert Knowledge Integration network emerged effective, achieving an anomaly detection rate of 98.5 %, outperforming conventional methods in accuracy and speed. Hybrid diagnostic frameworks integrating model-based and machine-learning techniques are also highlighted for their scalability and precision in addressing sub-extreme fault scenarios. Looking ahead, this study emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary research to enhance fault detection, focusing on adaptive machine learning algorithms and real-world testing to ensure the long-term viability of contemporary battery technologies.Öğe CO2 reduction in a common rail direct injection engine using the combined effect of low carbon biofuels, hydrogen and a post combustion carbon capture system(Taylor & Francis, 2021) Varuvel, Edwin Geo; Thiyagarajan, S.; Sonthalia, Ankit; Prakash, T.; Awad, Sary; Aloui, Fethi; Pugazhendhi, ArivalaganThe transportation sector is a major emitter of carbon dioxide emissions. It is a known fact that carbon dioxide is the cause of global warming which has resulted in extreme weather conditions as well as climate change. In this study a combination of different methods of expediting the CO2 emission from a single cylinder common rail direct injection (CRDI) engine has been explored. The methods include use of low carbon content biofuels (lemon peel oil (LPO) and camphor oil (CMO), inducing hydrogen in the intake manifold and zeolite based after-treatment system. Initial engine operation with the low carbon content biofuel blends resulted in reduced smoke and CO2 emissions. Substitution of the blends with hydrogen further assisted in decrease in emission and improvement in engine efficiency. Later on in the exhaust pipe an after-treatment system containing zeolite was placed. The emissions were found to reduce even further and at full load condition the lowest CO2 (39.7% reduction) and smoke (49% reduction) emissions were observed with LPO blend and hydrogen induction. The NO emission with hydrogen induction increases for both the blends, however, it was seen that the zeolite based treatment system was effective in reducing the emission as well. As compared to baseline diesel, the maximum reduction in NO emission was 23% at full load with LPO blend, hydrogen induction and after-treatment system.Öğe Comparative analysis of regression models to predict the performance of the dual fuel engine operating on diesel and hydrogen gas(Elsevier ltd, 2025) S, Priya; Feenita, C.; Goel, Uday; T, Manoranjitham; Duraisamy, Boopathi; Subramanian, Balaji; Ganeshan, Kavitha; Bai, Femilda Josephin Joseph Shobana; Albeshr, Mohammed F.; Pugazhendhi, Arivalagan; Varuvel, Edwin GeoInternal combustion engines (ICEs) have long been essential in both the transportation and industrial sectors, providing primary power for vehicles, ships, and machines globally. Optimising the efficiency of ICEs is vital for decreasing their environmental impart, as increased fuel efficiency and lower emissions play a significant role in mitigating the effects of climate change as well as improving air quality. This study employed 15 regression algorithms and machine learning approaches to analyse and anticipate the performance parameters of ICEs that run on hydrogen-diesel in dual fuel mode. The input parameters include engine torque, speed, hydrogen flow rate, brake power and diesel energy share to hydrogen supply and the output parameters are brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, volumetric efficiency and actual air intake. The model's performance is evaluated using five different performance metrics. Among the studied algorithms, the RANSAC Regressor demonstrated exceptional predictive capability, reaching an R-squared value of 0.999, a mean squared error (MSE) of 0.0064, a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.08, and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.057. These outcomes show the algorithm's accuracy and precision in capturing the complicated data of engine system. The equivalency ratio, volumetric efficiency, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, and actual air intake are among the critical performance outputs that are optimised by utilizing key input parameters like engine load, rotational speed, hydrogen flow rate, brake power, and the diesel fuel energy share. This study highlights the significant potential of machine learning in optimising ICE performance, offering a reliable alternative to traditional experimental analysis by reducing both risk and economic costs. The research findings also support the paradigm shift towards intelligent and sustainable energy systems by compellingly advocating for the inclusion of data-driven methodologies in contemporary engine design and operational methodsÖğe Effect of hydrogen on compression-ignition (CI) engine fueled with vegetable oil/biodiesel from various feedstocks: A review(Elsevier Ltd., 2022) Thiyagarajan, S.; Varuvel, EdwinGeo; Karthickeyan, V.; Sonthalia, Ankit; Kumar, Gopalakrishnan; Saravanan, C.G.; Dhinesh, B.; Pugazhendhi, ArivalaganCompression ignition (CI) engines used in the transportation sector operates on fossil diesel and is one of the biggest causes of air pollution. Numerous studies were carried out over last two decades to substitute the fossil diesel with biofuels so that the net carbon dioxide (CO2) emission can be minimized. However, the engine performance with these fuel was sub-standard and there were many long-term issues. Therefore, many researchers inducted hydrogen along with the biofuels. The present study gives an outlook on the effect of hydrogen addition with biodiesel/vegetable oil from various sources in CI engine. Engine parameters (brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption), combustion parameters (in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate) and emission parameters (unburned hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and smoke emissions) were evaluated in detail. The results show that hydrogen induction in general improves the engine performance as compared to biodiesel/vegetable oil but it is similar/lower than diesel. Except NOx emissions all other emissions showed a decreasing trend with hydrogen addition. To counter this effect numerous after-treatment systems like selective catalytic reduction (SCR), exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), selective non-catalytic reduction system (SNCR) and non-selective catalytic reduction system (NSCR) were proposed by researchers which were also studied in this review.Öğe Experimental investigation of ammonia gas as hydrogen carrier in prunus amygdalus dulcis oil fueled compression ignition engine(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Sonthalia, Ankit; Geo Varuvel, Edwin; Subramanian, Thiyagarajan; Josephin JS, Femilda; Almoallim, Hesham S.; Pugazhendhi, ArivalaganThe present study aims to utilize ammonia gas as a hydrogen carrier with prunus amygdalus dulcis (sweet almond oil)-fueled single-cylinder compression ignition (CI) engine. Due to the high viscosity of sweet almond oil, a transesterification procedure was used to convert it to biodiesel. The diesel fuel was completely replaced with biodiesel to assess the performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of the CI engine running at a constant speed of 1500 rpm under different load conditions. Poor performance and combustion were exhibited with biodiesel in comparison to diesel. Lower brake thermal efficiency with higher fuel consumption and lower nitrous oxides (NOx) emissions were observed with biodiesel in comparison to diesel. While hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and smoke emissions were higher with biodiesel, to further improve the performance, hydrogen gas was introduced at different flow rates (10–30 LPM). Hydrogen improved the brake thermal efficiency with reduced carbon emissions. At maximum load condition, with 30 LPM hydrogen brake thermal efficiency is improved by 15 %. However, NOx emissions were higher with hydrogen induction compared to base fuels at all load conditions. NOx emissions were increased from 1274 ppm with biodiesel to 1451 ppm with 30 LPM hydrogen addition at maximum load. Although hydrogen is one of the most promising techniques to improve the performance of biodiesel, its higher NOx emissions and safety aspects make its practical application questionable. Hence, ammonia gas was used as a hydrogen carrier, and tests were conducted in dual fuel mode with biodiesel at different flow rates. It is observed that performance parameters in ammonia dual fuel mode are on par with those of biodiesel with reduced carbon and NOx emissions. Hence, ammonia can be considered a viable option to replace hydrogen as its carrier to meet global energy demands and also for its safer use. © 2024 Elsevier LtdÖğe Impact of hydrogen-assisted combustion in a toroidal re-entrant combustion chamber powered by rapeseed oil/waste cooking oil biodiesel(Elsevier ltd, 2025) Thiagarajan, S.; Seetharaman, Sathyanarayanan; Lokesh, R.; Prasanth, G.; Karthick, B.; Bai, Femilda Josephin Joseph Shobana; Ali Alharbi, Sulaiman; Pugazhendhi, Arivalagan; Varuvel, Edwin GeoThis study investigates the performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel blends of rapeseed oil and waste cooking oil in a toroidal re-entrant combustion chamber (TCC) compression ignition engine. Hydrogen was allowed into the engine in dual fuel mode to enhance the engine performance. The presence of oxygen in the biodiesel and hydrogen induction increased the peak pressure and heat release rate significantly for all the engine loads. At a peak load of 4.88 kW, the maximum brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of 31.77% was recorded for the D70R20W10 (diesel 70%, rapeseed oil 20%, waste cooking oil 10%) biodiesel blend. Furthermore, hydrogen induction enhanced the BTE by around 3%. The biodiesel blending substantially lowered the emissions of unburnt hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and smoke opacity. Additionally, hydrogen supplementation facilitated 5-10% carbon monoxide reduction over biodiesel blends by enabling more complete oxidation. However, higher temperatures generated due to complete combustion resulted in more NOx formation. Thus, the authors propose that biodiesel blends of rapeseed oil, waste cooking oil, and diesel with hydrogen induction improve engine performance and reduce regulated emissions.Öğe Moving ahead from hydrogen to methanol economy: scope and challenges(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) Sonthalia, Ankit; Kumar, Naveen; Tomar, Mukul; Varuvel, Edwin Geo; Subramanian, Thiyagarajan; Pugazhendhi, ArivalaganAbstract: Energy is the driver in the economic development of any country. However, most of the developing countries do not have sufficient oil reserves to cater to their energy requirement and depend upon oil producing countries. The perturbations in the crude oil price and adverse environmental impacts from fossil fuel usage are the biggest concern. Therefore, developing countries have started investing heavily in solar and wind power and are considering hydrogen as a future energy resource. However, to tap the potential of hydrogen as a fuel, an entirely new infrastructure will be needed for transporting, storing and dispensing it safely, which would be expensive. In the transportation sector, a liquid alternate to fossil fuels will be highly desirable as the existing infrastructure can be used with minor modifications. Among the possible liquid fuels, methanol is very promising. Methanol is a single carbon atom compound and can be produced from wide variety of sources such as natural gas, coal and biomass. The properties of methanol are conducive for use in gasoline engines since it has high octane number and flame speed. Other possible uses of methanol are: as a cooking fuel in rural areas and as a fuel for running the fuel cells. The present study reviews the limitations in the hydrogen economy and why moving toward methanol economy is more beneficial. Graphic Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]Öğe Nanofluids as a coolant for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells: Recent trends, challenges, and future perspectives(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2023) Madheswaran, Dinesh Kumar; Vengatesan, S.; Varuvel, Edwin Geo; Praveenkumar, T.; Jegadheeswaran, Selvaraj; Pugazhendhi, Arivalagan; Arulmozhivarman, J.In this comprehensive review, we critically examine the application of nanofluids as coolants in PEMFCs, explicitly focusing on elucidating their thermal efficiency enhancement mechanisms. In addition to the existing research, the significant areas critically reviewed include the influence of nanoparticle size and concentration, surface modification techniques, characterization methods, nanofluid stability under different conditions, nanofluid behavior in various flow regimes, and the impact of nanofluids on system performance and efficiency. A meticulous analysis of the most recent studies involving single nanofluids (Al2O3, SiO2, TiO2, ZnO, BN) and hybrid nanofluids (CuFeAl, Al2O3:SiO2, Bio glycol+Al2O3:SiO2, TiO2:SiO2) underscores their potential to revolutionize PEMFC cooling systems. Findings reveal that nanofluids exhibit remarkable enhancements in heat transfer, offering a 20-27% reduction in radiator size compared to traditional coolants. The science underpinning this enhancement is multifaceted, characterized by self-deionization phenomena, nanoparticle dispersion stability via Brownian motion, and unprecedented inter-atomic interactions. Notably, nanofluids effectively eliminate particle sedimentation and coagulation, ensuring sustained heat transfer performance over extended operational periods. However, several challenges are observed, such as the limited exploration of electrical conductivity, which occurred because of the correlation between the net-charge influence of the suspended particle and electrical double layer (EDL) behavior. Furthermore, understanding and utilizing smart nanofluids and nanobubbles demand rigorous investigation for optimal cooling strategies. Future research should focus on standardizing nanofluid synthesis and characterization protocols, elucidating the underlying heat transfer mechanisms, addressing cost and scalability issues, and ensuring nanofluids' durability in PEMFCs. The review's timeliness lies in its relevance to the current advancements and challenges in the field, offering valuable insights for researchers and practitioners working in the thermal management of PEMFC.Öğe Prediction, optimization, and validation of the combustion effects of diisopropyl ether-gasoline blends: a combined application of artificial neural network and response surface methodology(Pergamon-elsevier science, 2024) Seetharaman, Sathyanarayanan; Suresh, S.; Shivaranjani, R. S.; Dhamodaran, Gopinath; Bai, Femilda Josephin Joseph Shobana; Alharbi, Sulaiman Ali; Pugazhendhi, Arivalagan; Varuvel, Edwin GeoThis research study mainly focuses on identifying the significant factors to be considered to discover the accuracy and reliability of the predictive models. The experimental results were employed to develop three different models: an artificial neural network (ANN), a response surface methodology (RSM), and a hybrid model. Brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, and regulated emissions were predicted using ANN, and inputs such as fuel blend concentration, CR, and engine speed were optimized using the RSM and hybrid models. The accuracy and reliability of the model results were validated with the least mean square error, mean absolute percentage error, and a higher signal-to-noise ratio. The higher R 2 between 0.99426 and 0.9998 was observed by ANN whereas R 2 by RSM and the hybrid model were relatively less. Similarly, the mean square error of ANN was relatively less compared to RSM and hybrid. However, the mean absolute percentage error observed in the validation test results for the optimized input parameters discovered by RSM, was less than 5 % for all the responses and higher in the hybrid model. Thus, the authors concluded that the ANN 's predictive ability was much higher and RSM is the best suited for optimizing the engine parameters compared to the hybrid model.Öğe Production of liquid hydrocarbon fuels through catalytic cracking of high and low-density polyethylene medical wastes using fly ash as a catalyst(Elsevier, 2024) Premkumar, P.; Saravanan, C. G.; Nalluri, Premdasu; Seeman, M.; Vikneswaran, M.; Madheswaran, Dinesh Kumar; Bai, Femilda Josephin Joseph Shobana; Chinnathambi, Arunachalam; Pugazhendhi, Arivalagan; Varuvel, Edwin GeoThis study explores the potential of converting High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) and Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) waste into liquid hydrocarbon fuels through catalytic degradation using fly ash. It achieves significant conversion rates, with HDPE reaching over 95% total conversion and a 66.4% oil yield at a catalyst-to-polymer ratio of 0.20, while LDPE shows a 100% conversion rate at ratios of 0.15 and 0.20. The process not only yields hydrocarbons with decreasing density and increasing calorific values, up to 55 MJ/kg for HDPE and 47 MJ/kg for LDPE at optimal conditions but also produces fractions with properties similar to diesel, notably in terms of density and viscosity. The flashpoint and fire point values further affirm these products' potential as viable fuel sources, aligning closely with diesel standards. 1H NMR spectroscopy analysis reveals a composition rich in longchain alkanes and alkenes, indicating the efficient transformation of plastic waste into valuable energy resources. This research presents a promising avenue for recycling plastic waste into alternative fuels, highlighting a sustainable approach to waste management and energy recovery.Öğe A systematic review on biofuel production and utilization from algae and waste feedstocks- a circular economy approach(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2024) Praveena, V.; Martin, Leenus Jesu; Matijosius, Jonas; Aloui, Fethi; Pugazhendhi, Arivalagan; Varuvel, Edwin GeoEnergy demand on a global measure grows continuously due to increased population, industrialization and economic growth. Fossil fuel resources that are currently available are definitely not sufficient to meet the growing demand. In addition, the continuous emissions from automobiles and industrial sectors should be attended to so that a complete remedial and sustainable alternative for fossil fuels is obtained. The appropriate replacement for fossil fuel is biofuel, as they are renewable and eco-friendly. First generation and second generation biodiesel derived from various sources are extensively researched and experimented practically by the past researchers. This article summarizes a continuous and comprehensive assessment of different feedstocks needed for third and fourth generations of biodiesel. Various sources of feedstock, steps for biodiesel production, yield of biodiesel obtained through different methods, properties of biodiesel like fatty acid profile, density, viscosity, cetane number, flash point, cloud point, economic feasibility and considerations are also discussed. Third generation biodiesel like microalgae can be widely used in CI engines. It is observed that their performance and combustion analysis in a CI engine is determined by the physico chemical properties of obtained biodiesel and nature of feedstock. Species selection and cultivation methods of microalgae, future perspectives of cultivating techniques and lipid production are summarized in detail. Fourth generation biodiesel like solar fuels and synthetic biomass production are covered, though their application in various energy fields is still not revealed. The type of transesterification that best suits the free fatty acid profile of fuel is selected and other reaction parameters like reaction time, reaction temperature, catalyst quantity and oil methanol molar ratio are explained individually for third generation feedstocks. Proper adoption of suitable methods would help in yielding the maximum biodiesel. Future energy demand can be dealt with by the combination of various third and fourth generation oil feedstocks.Öğe The combustion of lemon peel oil/gasoline blends in spark ignition engine with high-insulation piston crown coating(Nature research, 2024) Saravanan C.G.; Varuvel, Edwin Geo; Vikneswaran M.; Bai, Femilda Josephin Joseph Shobana; Chinnathambi, Arunachalam; Pugazhendhi, Arivalagan; Allasi, Haiter LeninThis study explored the recovery of oil from lemon peel biomass and then tested it in a spark ignition as a substitute for gasoline. The study adopted the micro-arc oxidation coating technique, intending to improve the engine performance of the lemon peel oil-gasoline blends. The oil was recovered from discarded lemon peel biomass using steam distillation and then tested in the engine as a fuel by blending it with gasoline at volume ratios of 10, 20, and 30%. An endoscopic visualization approach was employed in this research work to assess the combustion initiation and flame characteristics of gasoline and lemon peel oil blends under different test conditions. Compared to gasoline and blends comprising 20 and 30% lemon peel oil, the 10% lemon peel oil mix produced higher thermal efficiency and lower emissions. The optical analysis demonstrated that premixed combustion with the 10% blend was found to be the highest, resulting in improved combustion and subsequently increased cylinder pressure. To improve the engine performance of the lemon peel oil blends with higher substitution (20 and 30%), the piston was coated with a ceramic coating. A novel technique, namely the micro-arc oxidation technique, was utilized for the coating. The coated piston engine fueled with a 20% lemon peel oil blend showed a 3% and 4.69% increase in thermal efficiency compared to the uncoated piston fueled with a 20% blend and sole gasoline, respectively. The hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions of the engine with a coated piston fueled by the 20% lemon peel oil blend were reduced by 12.7% and 12%, respectively, as compared to gasoline operation in the engine with an uncoated piston.
