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    The Impact of Wind Simulation on Perceived Realism of Players
    (Springer International Publishing Ag, 2024) Alpan, Zeynep Burcu Kaya; Piskin, Senol
    This study aims to investigate the impact of wind to players' perceived realism in digital games. In digital games, there is an ongoing and never ending quest for realism. As games keep getting more and more graphically demanding, game designers try to include senses in order to invoke realism. Perceived game realism is a multidimensional construct and while much attention has been given to visual fidelity, there are subtle elements in physical reality, such as wind blowing and floating dust, that contribute to the perception of realism. Previous studies have examined general aspects of realism in various genres of games, however the specific impact of wind in digital games remains largely unexplored. This study aims to address this gap by integrating real-time, dynamic wind simulation into a game environment and explore changes to the perceived realism of players. The research focuses on finding out which aspects of perceived realism are affected by adding dynamically simulated wind within a third-person shooter game context. The findings of this study contribute to understanding how wind simulation impacts perceived realism in digital games. The insights gained can inform game developers and designers in creating more immersive and realistically perceived game environments. By investigating the role of environmental wind in enhancing the sense of realism, this research advances our understanding of the multi-faceted nature of player engagement and the importance of incorporating multi-modal, realistically simulated elements in game design.
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    Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography for the Noninvasive Assessment of Arterial Aging: A Review by the VascAgeNet COST Action
    (Wiley, 2023) Bianchini, Elisabetta; Lonnebakken, Mai Tone; Wohlfahrt, Peter; Piskin, Senol; Terentes-Printzios, Dimitrios; Alastruey, Jordi; Guala, Andrea
    Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography allow the characterization of arterial state and function with high confidence and thus play a key role in the understanding of arterial aging and its translation into the clinic. Decades of research into the development of innovative imaging sequences and image analysis techniques have led to the identification of a large number of potential biomarkers, some bringing improvement in basic science, others in clinical practice. Nonetheless, the complexity of some of these biomarkers and the image analysis techniques required for their computation hamper their widespread use. In this narrative review, current biomarkers related to aging of the aorta, their founding principles, the sequence, and postprocessing required, and their predictive values for cardiovascular events are summarized. For each biomarker a summary of reference values and reproducibility studies and limitations is provided. The present review, developed in the COST Action VascAgeNet, aims to guide clinicians and technical researchers in the critical understanding of the possibilities offered by these advanced imaging modalities for studying the state and function of the aorta, and their possible clinically relevant relationships with aging.
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    Mechanical characterization and torsional buckling of pediatric cardiovascular materials
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2024) Donmazov, Samir; Piskin, Senol; Golcez, Tansu; Kul, Demet; Arnaz, Ahmet; Pekkan, Kerem
    In complex cardiovascular surgical reconstructions, conduit materials that avoid possible large-scale structural deformations should be considered. A fundamental mode of mechanical complication is torsional buckling which occurs at the anastomosis site due to the mechanical instability, leading surgical conduit/patch surface deformation. The objective of this study is to investigate the torsional buckling behavior of commonly used materials and to develop a practical method for estimating the critical buckling rotation angle under physiological intramural vessel pressures. For this task, mechanical tests of four clinically approved materials, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE), Dacron, porcine and bovine pericardia, commonly used in pediatric cardiovascular surgeries, are conducted (n = 6). Torsional buckling initiation tests with n = 4 for the baseline case (L = 7.5 cm) and n = 3 for the validation of ePTFE (L = 15 cm) and Dacron (L = 15 cm and L = 25 cm) for each are also conducted at low venous pressures. A practical predictive formulation for the buckling potential is proposed using experimental observations and available theory. The relationship between the critical buckling rotation angle and the lumen pressure is determined by balancing the circumferential component of the compressive principal stress with the shear stress generated by the modified critical buckling torque, where the modified critical buckling torque depends linearly on the lumen pressure. While the proposed technique successfully predicted the critical rotation angle values lying within two standard deviations of the mean in the baseline case for all four materials at all lumen pressures, it could reliably predict the critical buckling rotation angles for ePTFE and Dacron samples of length 15 cm with maximum relative errors of 31% and 38%, respectively, in the validation phase. However, the validation of the performance of the technique demonstrated lower accuracy for Dacron samples of length 25 cm at higher pressure levels of 12 mmHg and 15 mmHg. Applicable to all surgical materials, this formulation enables surgeons to assess the torsional buckling potential of vascular conduits noninvasively. Bovine pericardium has been found to exhibit the highest stability, while Dacron (the lowest) and porcine pericardium have been identified as the least stable with the (unitless) torsional buckling resistance constants, 43,800, 12,300 and 14,000, respectively. There was no significant difference between ePTFE and Dacron, and between porcine and bovine pericardia. However, both porcine and bovine pericardia were found to be statistically different from ePTFE and Dacron individually (p < 0.0001). ePTFE exhibited highly nonlinear behavior across the entire strain range [0, 0.1] (or 10% elongation). The significant differences among the surgical materials reported here require special care in conduit construction and anastomosis design.