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    Effect of polishing and denture cleansers on the surface roughness of new-generation denture base materials and their color change after cleansing
    (Wiley, 2023) Cakmak, Guelce; Hess, Julia Anouk; Donmez, Mustafa Borga; Yilmaz, Deniz; Alhotan, Abdulaziz; Schimmel, Martin; Peutzfeldt, Anne
    Purpose: To evaluate the effect of polishing and denture cleansers on the surface roughness (Ra) of new-generation denture basematerials that are additively, subtractively, and conventionally fabricated, while also assessing their color change after cleansing. Material and Methods: One hundred and fifty disk-shaped specimens (O10 x 2 mm) were prepared from five denture base materials (one subtractively manufactured nanographene-reinforced prepolymerized polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) (SM-GC), one subtractively manufactured prepolymerized PMMA (SM-PM), two additively manufactured denture base resins (AM-DT and AM-ND), and one heat-polymerized PMMA (CV) (n = 30). The R-a of the specimens was measured before and after conventional laboratory polishing, while color coordinates were measured after polishing. Specimens were then divided into three subgroups based on the denture cleanser: distilled water, 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and effervescent tablet (n = 10). The R-a and color coordinates were remeasured after nine cleansing cycles over a period of 20 days. The CIEDE2000 formula was used to calculate the color differences (Delta E-00). Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the R-a values before (n = 30) and after (n = 10) cleansing, while repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze the R-a of material-time point pairs within each denture cleanser (n = 10). Delta E-00 data after denture cleansing was also analyzed by using two-way ANOVA (n = 10) (a = 0.05). Results: Before polishing, Ra varied significantly among the materials. SM-GC and SM-PM had the lowest and AM-ND the highest Ra values (P < 0.001). Polishing significantly reduced R-a of all materials (P < 0.001), and after polishing, Ra differences among materials were nonsignificant (P >= 0.072). Regardless of the denture cleanser, the R-a of AM-DT, AM-ND, and CV was the highest before polishing when different time points were considered (P < 0.001). After cleansing, AM-ND had the highest R-a of all the materials, regardless of the cleanser (P <= 0.017). AM-DT had higher R-a than SM-PM when distilled water (P = 0.040) and higher R-a than SM-GC, SM-PM, and CV when NaOCl was used (P < 0.001). The type of cleanser significantly influenced the R-a of AM-DT, AM-ND, and CV. For AM-DT, NaOCl led to the highest R-a and the tablet led to the lowest R-a (P <= 0.042), while for AM-ND, distilled water led to the lowest R-a (P <= 0.024). For CV, the tablet led to lower R-a than distilled water (P = 0.009). Color change varied among the materials. When distilled water was used, SM-GC had higher Delta E-00 than SM-PM and AM-DT (P <= 0.034). When NaOCl was used, AM-ND had higher Delta E-00 than SM-GC, SM-PM, and AM-DT, while CV and SM-GC had higher Delta E-00 than SM-PM and AM-DT (P = 0.039). Finally, when the tablet was used, AM-ND and CV had the highest Delta E-00, while AM-DT had lower Delta E-00 than SM-GC (P = 0.015). Conclusions: The tested materials had unacceptable surface roughness (>0.2 mu m) before polishing. Roughness decreased significantly after polishing (<0.2 mu m). Denture cleansers did not significantly affect the surface roughness of the materials, and roughness remained clinically acceptable after cleansing (<0.2 mu m). Considering previously reported color thresholds, AM-ND and CV had unacceptable color change regardless of the denture cleanser, and the effervescent tablet led to perceptible, but acceptable color change for SM-GC, SM-PM, and AM-DT.
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    Fracture resistance of additively or subtractively manufactured resin-based definitive crowns: Effect of restorative material, resin cement, and cyclic loading
    (Elsevier, 2024) Çakmak, Gülce; Dönmez, Mustafa Borga; Molinero-Mourelle, Pedro; Kahveci, Çiğdem; Abou-Ayash, Samir; Peutzfeldt, Anne; Yılmaz, Burak
    Objective: To evaluate how restorative material, resin cement, and cyclic loading affect the fracture resistance of resin -based crowns fabricated by using additive or subtractive manufacturing. Methods: A right first molar crown standard tessellation language (STL) file was used to fabricate 120 crowns from one subtractively manufactured polymerinfiltrated ceramic network (SM) and two additively manufactured resin composites (AM -B and AM -S) (N = 40). These crowns were randomly divided into 4 groups within each material according to the dual -polymerizing resin cement to be used (RX and PN) and the aging condition (n = 10). After cementation, the crowns without cyclic loading were subjected to fracture testing, while the others were first cyclically loaded (1.7 Hz, 1.2 million cycles, and 49-N load) and then subjected to fracture testing. Data were analyzed with generalized linear model analysis ( alpha = .05). Results: Fracture resistance of the crowns was affected by material, resin cement, and cyclic loading ( P <= .030). However, none of the interactions significantly affected fracture resistance of tested crowns ( P >= .140). Among tested materials, SM had the highest fracture resistance, whereas AM -B had the lowest ( P <= .025). RX led to higher fracture resistance, and cyclic loading decreased the fracture resistance ( P <= .026). Significance: Tested materials can be considered reliable in terms of fracture resistance in short- or mid-term (5 years of intraoral simulation) when used for single molar crowns with 2 mm occlusal thickness. In the long term, polymer -infiltrated ceramic network crowns cemented with RelyX Universal may provide promising results and be less prone to complications considering higher fracture resistance values obtained.
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    Fracture resistance of additively or subtractively manufactured resin-based definitive crowns: Effect of restorative material, resin cement, and cyclic loading
    (Elsevier Inc., 2024) Çakmak, Gülce; Dönmez, Mustafa Borga; Molinero-Mourelle, Pedro; Kahveci, Çiğdem; Abou Ayash, Samir; Peutzfeldt, Anne; Yılmaz, Burak
    Objective: To evaluate how restorative material, resin cement, and cyclic loading affect the fracture resistance of resin-based crowns fabricated by using additive or subtractive manufacturing. Methods: A right first molar crown standard tessellation language (STL) file was used to fabricate 120 crowns from one subtractively manufactured polymer-infiltrated ceramic network (SM) and two additively manufactured resin composites (AM-B and AM-S) (N = 40). These crowns were randomly divided into 4 groups within each material according to the dual-polymerizing resin cement to be used (RX and PN) and the aging condition (n = 10). After cementation, the crowns without cyclic loading were subjected to fracture testing, while the others were first cyclically loaded (1.7 Hz, 1.2 million cycles, and 49-N load) and then subjected to fracture testing. Data were analyzed with generalized linear model analysis (α = .05). Results: Fracture resistance of the crowns was affected by material, resin cement, and cyclic loading (P ≤ .030). However, none of the interactions significantly affected fracture resistance of tested crowns (P ≥ .140). Among tested materials, SM had the highest fracture resistance, whereas AM-B had the lowest (P ≤ .025). RX led to higher fracture resistance, and cyclic loading decreased the fracture resistance (P ≤ .026). Significance: Tested materials can be considered reliable in terms of fracture resistance in short- or mid-term (5 years of intraoral simulation) when used for single molar crowns with 2 mm occlusal thickness. In the long term, polymer-infiltrated ceramic network crowns cemented with RelyX Universal may provide promising results and be less prone to complications considering higher fracture resistance values obtained. © 2024 The Authors