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    Cameo and intaglio surface stability and variability of additively, subtractively, and conventionally manufactured occlusal devices after long-term storage
    (Elsevier, 2024) Orgev, Ahmet; Dönmez, Mustafa Borga; Almogbel, Lolowh; Çakmak, Gülce; Marques, Vinicius Rizzo; Kahveci, Çiğdem; Yılmaz, Burak
    Statement of problem: Additive and subtractive manufacturing have become alternative technologies for fabricating occlusal devices. However, knowledge of the long-term stability of occlusal devices fabricated using these recent technologies is limited. Purpose: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the cameo and intaglio surface stability and variability of additively, subtractively, and conventionally manufactured occlusal devices after 18 months of storage. Material and methods: A standard tessellation language (STL) file of a dentate maxillary typodont was used to design a master occlusal device. The STL file of this design was used to fabricate occlusal devices additively either with a digital light processing (AM-1) or a continuous liquid interface production (AM-2) printer, subtractively with 2 different 5-axis milling units (SM-1 and SM-2), and conventionally (TM-HP) (n=10). STL files of each device's cameo and intaglio surfaces were generated using a laboratory scanner after fabrication and after 18 months of storage in a moist environment. These generated files were imported into an analysis software program (Geomagic Control X) to analyze the dimensional stability of tested devices by using the root mean square method. The average deviation values defined the variability of measured changes over time. Cameo and intaglio surface deviations were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests, while the variability of measured deviations was analyzed with 1-way analysis of variance and the Tukey HSD tests (α=.05). Results: Significant differences were observed among tested devices when the intaglio surface deviations and the cameo surface variability were considered (P<.001). SM-2 had significantly higher intaglio surface deviations than AM-1, SM-1, and AM-2 (P≤.036). Among the test groups, AM-1 had the greatest cameo surface variability (P≤.004). Conclusions: SM-2 resulted in lower intaglio surface stability than the additive and the other subtractive manufacturing technologies, while AM-1 led to the highest cameo surface variability among the test groups.
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    Comparison of measured deviations in digital implant scans depending on software and operator
    (Elsevier, 2022) Çakmak, Gülce; Marques, Vinicius Rizzo; Dönmez, Mustafa Borga; Lu, Wei-En; Abou-Ayash, Samir; Yılmaz, Burak
    Objectives: To investigate the effect of 3-dimensional (3D) analysis software and operator on the measured deviations in implant scans. Material and Methods: A combined healing abutment-scan body (CHA-SB) system was digitized with an industrial scanner (ATOS Core 80) to generate a master standard tessellation language file (MRM-STL) and an intraoral scanner (TRIOS 3) to generate 9 test-scan STL files, which were transferred into metrology-grade (Geomagic Control X, GX and GOM Inspect, GM) and nonmetrology-grade (Medit Link, ML) software for deviation analysis. Test-scan STLs were superimposed over MRM-STL and 2 planes passing through the center of the SB were generated. Distance deviations at 8 points on these planes were analyzed by two different operators with similar level of experience. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance and F tests (?=.05). Results: Only model 1 (P=.049) analyzed by operator 2 showed significant differences among tested software, and the highest deviations were measured with GM (P?.037). However, the difference in values measured with GX and ML was nonsignificant (P=.91). Operator correlation was high (ICC?.712, P?.011), except for models 1 (GM, ICC=-.335, P=.813), 2 (GM, ICC=.025, P=.468 and ML, ICC=-.013, P=.507), 6 (GM, ICC=-.085, P=.583), and 8 (GM, ICC=-.386, P=.85). Conclusion: The measured deviations in implant scans in all models, except for one, were similar among the tested software, regardless of the operator. The inter-rater reliability of operators while using tested 3D analysis software was overall high. When observed, low inter-rater reliability was mostly with only one of the metrology grade software. Clinical Significance: Nonmetrology-grade 3D analysis software may be a suitable alternative to metrology-grade software to measure the deviations in digital implant scan body scans. When GOM metrology-software is used, measured deviations in implant scan body scans may vary more across operators. © 2022
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    Effect of scanned area and operator on the accuracy of dentate arch scans with a single implant
    (MDPI, 2022) Marques, Vinicius Rizzo; Çakmak, Gülce; Yılmaz, Hakan; Abou-Ayash, Samir; Dönmez, Mustafa Borga; Yılmaz, Burak
    Studies have shown the effect of the operator and scanned areas on the accuracy of single implant scans. However, the knowledge on the scan accuracy of the remaining dental arch during single implant scans, which may affect the occlusion, is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of scanned areas and the operator on the scan accuracy of a dentate arch while scanning a single implant. A dentate model with an anterior implant was digitized with a laboratory scanner (reference scan). Three operators with similar experience performed 10 complete- and 10 partial-arch scans (left 2nd molar to right canine) with an intraoral scanner (TRIOS 3), and these scans were superimposed over the reference. The accuracy was analyzed at 22 points in complete-arch and at 16 points in partial-arch scans on 2nd molars and incisors. Data were evaluated with 2-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests (? = 0.05). The trueness of the total scanned area was higher in partialthan in complete-arch scans (p < 0.001). The trueness and precision of the scans were higher in the anterior site compared with the posterior in complete- (trueness: p ? 0.022, precision: p ? 0.003) and partial-arch (trueness: p ? 0.016, precision: p ? 0.016) scans of each operator and when the operator scan data were pooled. The complete-arch scan’s precision was not influenced by the operator (p ? 0.029), whereas the partial-arch scans of operator 1 and 2 were significantly different (p = 0.036). Trueness was higher in partial- compared with complete-arch scans, but their precision was similar. Accuracy was higher in the anterior site regardless of the scan being a partial- or a complete-arch. The operator’s effect on the accuracy of partial- and complete-arch scans was small.