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    Acanthamoeba keratitis: new hopes for potential interventions for a curable but often refractory disease
    (Routledge journals, taylor & francis, 2024) Alawfi, Bader Saleem; Khan, Naveed Ahmed; Lloyd, David; Siddiqui, Ruqaiyyah
    IntroductionOften associated with contact lens wear, Acanthamoeba keratitis is an extremely painful blinding infection that has remained significant despite advances in drug discovery and chemotherapies. Current treatment is intricate and demands early diagnosis, aggressive and prolonged application, and may result in infection recurrence. The latter is due to the ability of the parasite to undergo cellular differentiation and transform into a resistant cyst form or infective trophozoite form. Areas coveredHere, we present a review of our current understanding of emerging therapies and priorities tackling Acanthamoeba keratitis. Literature searches were carried out using bibliographic databases and results sifted and reviewed to present recent findings, challenges and novel opportunities in the development of therapeutic interventions and/or preventative measures against Acanthamoeba keratitis. Expert opinionNanomedicine-based theranostics to combine diagnosis and treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis offer remarkable opportunity in the development of clinical applications in the management of Acanthamoeba keratitis.
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    Cell death of Acanthamoeba castellanii following exposure to antimicrobial agents commonly included in contact lens disinfecting solutions
    (Springer, 2024) Thomas, Louise; Khan, Naveed Ahmed; Siddiqui, Ruqaiyyah; Alawfi, Bader S.; Lloyd, David
    Several antimicrobial agents are commonly included in contact lens disinfectant solutions including chlorhexidine diacetate (CHX), polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) or myristamidopropyl dimethylamine (MAPD); however, their mode of action, i.e. necrosis versus apoptosis is incompletely understood. Here, we determined whether a mechanism of cell death resembling that of apoptosis was present in Acanthamoeba castellanii of the T4 genotype (NEFF) following exposure to the aforementioned antimicrobials using the anticoagulant annexin V that undergoes rapid high affinity binding to phosphatidylserine in the presence of calcium, making it a sensitive probe for phosphatidylserine exposure. The results revealed that under the conditions employed in this study, an apoptotic pathway of cell death in this organism at the tested conditions does not occur. Our findings suggest that necrosis is the likely mode of action; however, future mechanistic studies should be accomplished in additional experimental conditions to further comprehend the molecular mechanisms of cell death in Acanthamoeba.
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    Emerging patents versus brain eating amoebae, Naegleria fowleri
    (Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2025) Siddiqui, Ruqaiyyah; Lloyd, David; Khan, Naveed Ahmed
    Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) is a severe and often fatal infection caused by the free-living amoebae Naegleria fowleri. This condition typically results from exposure to contaminated warm freshwater/inadequately treated recreational water/or ablution/nasal irrigation with contaminated water. The management of PAM is hindered by the absence of effective treatment coupled with challenges in early diagnosis. This review explores emerging patents that could be utilized for the treatment, diagnosis of PAM, as well as water treatment. Recent patents from the past five years, along with research and innovations are reviewed and categorized into therapeutic agents, water treatment technologies, and diagnostic methods. It is hoped that collaboration and awareness between pharmaceutical companies, water industries, and academic institutions is essential for advancing effective strategies against this severe central nervous system pathogen. © 2025 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
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    Emerging therapies against Naegleria fowleri
    (Taylor & francis ltd, 2024) Siddiqui, Ruqaiyyah; Lloyd, David; Alharbi, Ahmad M.; Khan, Naveed Ahmed
    Introduction Naegleria fowleri is a free-living protist pathogen. Given the opportunity, it can produce infection of the central nervous system. It is distressing that the brain-eating amoebae, Naegleria fowleri remains one of the lethal parasites resulting almost always in death, despite advances in antimicrobial chemotherapy and supportive care. Areas covered The overall aim is to present a timely review of our current understanding of emerging therapies and priorities. By searching bibliographic databases (PubMed) for the available peer-reviewed research literature, herein, we discuss current advances, challenges and opportunities pertinent in the development of therapeutic interventions. Expert opinion The prospect of exploring repurposed drugs in combination with nanotechnology and a theranostic approach to concurrently achieve diagnosis and drug delivery will offer promise in the rational development of effective therapies to counter N. folweri-associated fatal brain infections.
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    Theranostics in the management of Acanthamoeba infections
    (Elsevier B.V., 2025) Siddiqui, Ruqaiyyah; Lloyd, David; Khan, Naveed Ahmed
    Theranostics in the management of Acanthamoeba infections