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    A novel microbial fuel cell design as biosensor to evaluate biochemical oxygen demand
    (Elsevier ltd, 2025) Naghibi, Negin; Khaleghi, Moj; Ataei, Seyed Ahmad; Zarrabi, Ali
    Microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology has gained significant attention for its dual capability to generate renewable energy and treat wastewater. Beyond these applications, MFCs have emerged as a promising tool for biosensing, particularly for detecting water pollutants. In this study, we aimed to optimize the evaluation of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) by correlating it with the output voltage of an MFC. The effects of pH and external resistance on the MFC's performance were also assessed to enhance its operational stability. The experiment utilized a two-chambered MFC with a 2500 mL capacity, ceramic membrane, and carbon cloth electrodes. Synthetic wastewater and Shewanella xiamensis (code SH1 MF663195) were used as the anolyte, while distilled water served as the catholyte. Over 7 weeks, the MFC achieved a maximum current density of 1.939 mA/m2 and a power density of 80 mW/m2 at near-neutral pH and 3 k Omega external resistance. A positive linear correlation (R2 = 0.9984) was established between the output voltage and BOD concentration (16-436 mg/L). These findings suggest that this MFC-based biosensor is highly feasible and holds significant potential for real-time water quality monitoring.
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    Penicillin and oxacillin loaded on pegylated-graphene oxide to enhance the activity of the antibiotics against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus
    (MDPI, 2022) Zarepour, Atefeh; Zarrabi, Ali; Tabar, Mohadeseh Mohammadi; Khaleghi, Moj; Bidram, Elham
    Infectious diseases are known as the second biggest cause of death worldwide, due to the development of antibiotic resistance. To overcome this problem, nanotechnology offers some promising approaches, such as drug delivery systems that can enhance drug efficiency. Herein, a Graphene Oxide-polyethylene glycol (GO-PEG) nano-platform was synthesized and penicillin and oxacillin, two antibiotics that are ineffective against Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), were loaded on it to improve their effectiveness. The nanocomposites were characterized using FTIR, XRD, UV-Vis, FE-SEM/EDX, and Zeta potential analyses, followed by an evaluation of their antibacterial activity toward MRSA. Based on the results, drug loaded GO-PEG nanocomposites with loading efficiencies of 81% and 92% for penicillin and oxacillin, respectively, were successfully synthesized. They showed a controlled release within six days. The zeta potential of GO-PEG-oxacillin and penicillin was -13 mV and -11 mV, respectively. The composites showed much more activity against MRSA (80-85% inhibition) in comparison to GO-PEG (almost 0% inhibition) and pure antibiotics (40-45% inhibition). SEM images of MRSA treated with GO-PEG-antibiotics showed a deformation in the structure of bacterial cells, which led to the collapse of their intracellular components. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of utilizing the GO-based nanoplatforms in enhancing the antibacterial activity of the antibiotics.