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    Impact of hydrogen-assisted combustion in a toroidal re-entrant combustion chamber powered by rapeseed oil/waste cooking oil biodiesel
    (Elsevier ltd, 2025) Thiagarajan, S.; Seetharaman, Sathyanarayanan; Lokesh, R.; Prasanth, G.; Karthick, B.; Bai, Femilda Josephin Joseph Shobana; Ali Alharbi, Sulaiman; Pugazhendhi, Arivalagan; Varuvel, Edwin Geo
    This study investigates the performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel blends of rapeseed oil and waste cooking oil in a toroidal re-entrant combustion chamber (TCC) compression ignition engine. Hydrogen was allowed into the engine in dual fuel mode to enhance the engine performance. The presence of oxygen in the biodiesel and hydrogen induction increased the peak pressure and heat release rate significantly for all the engine loads. At a peak load of 4.88 kW, the maximum brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of 31.77% was recorded for the D70R20W10 (diesel 70%, rapeseed oil 20%, waste cooking oil 10%) biodiesel blend. Furthermore, hydrogen induction enhanced the BTE by around 3%. The biodiesel blending substantially lowered the emissions of unburnt hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and smoke opacity. Additionally, hydrogen supplementation facilitated 5-10% carbon monoxide reduction over biodiesel blends by enabling more complete oxidation. However, higher temperatures generated due to complete combustion resulted in more NOx formation. Thus, the authors propose that biodiesel blends of rapeseed oil, waste cooking oil, and diesel with hydrogen induction improve engine performance and reduce regulated emissions.