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Öğe Enhancing connectivity/mobility in WBAN applications through detachable wearable multi-band MIMO antenna(Institute of Physics, 2024) Saeidi, Tale; Saleh, Sahar; Timmons, Nick; Karamzadeh, Saeid; Al-Gburi, Ahmed Jamal Abdullah; Razzaz, FaroqThe connectivity and mobility of a miniaturized multi-band four-port textile leaky wave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna designed on a layer of denim (ϵr = 1.6, tanδ = 0.006) is enhanced by integrating it with two detachable spiral buttons designed on circular PTFE substrate (ϵr = 2.1, tanδ = 0.001). The connectivity and mobility enhancement of the proposed antenna is evaluated in terms of radiation and diversity parameters. Nested hexagonal split rings behind the buttons, U-shaped slots on textiles, a comb-shaped neutralization network, and an aperture-coupled feed technique are utilized. The unique structure of the buttons on a rigid substrate and the leaky wave antenna on the textile and their integration, the periodic nested elliptical and circular split ring resonators (CSRRs) slots on the aperture coupled to ground, are to expand the connectivity and mobility of the proposed MIMO antenna by offering multiple bands, higher isolation, broadside radiation, and low specific absorption rate (SAR). The leaky wave and button antennas have dimensions of 40 × 30 × 1 mm3 and a diameter of only 13 mm, respectively. The operational bands are 0.86-2.75 GHz, 2.9-4.85 GHz, 5.75-6.15 GHz, and 8-9.85 GHz, covering the L, C, S, and X bands. Additionally, diversity performance is evaluated by defining the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), diversity gain (DG), Channel Capacity Loss (CCL), and mean effective gain (MEG). The simulation and measurement findings are in good agreement. Following that, it offers a maximum gain of 8.25 dBi, low SAR (<0.05), an ECC below 0.05, DG above 9.85 dB, CCL< 0.25 bits/s/Hz, MEG <−3 dB, Circular polarization (CP), and strong isolation (>22 dB) between every two ports. These features make the proposed antenna an ideal option for MIMO communications and suitable for wireless local area network (WLAN) and fifth-generation (5G) communications. © 2024 IOP Publishing Ltd.Öğe Enhancing connectivity/mobility in WBAN applications through detachable wearable multi-band MIMO antenna(IOP publishing, 2024) Saeidi, Tale; Saleh, Sahar; Timmons, Nick; Karamzadeh, Saeid; Al-Gburi, Ahmed Jamal Abdullah; Razzaz, FaroqThe connectivity and mobility of a miniaturized multi-band four-port textile leaky wave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna designed on a layer of denim (epsilon(r) = 1.6, tan delta = 0.006) is enhanced by integrating it with two detachable spiral buttons designed on circular PTFE substrate (epsilon(r) = 2.1, tan delta = 0.001). The connectivity and mobility enhancement of the proposed antenna is evaluated in terms of radiation and diversity parameters. Nested hexagonal split rings behind the buttons, U-shaped slots on textiles, a comb-shaped neutralization network, and an aperture-coupled feed technique are utilized. The unique structure of the buttons on a rigid substrate and the leaky wave antenna on the textile and their integration, the periodic nested elliptical and circular split ring resonators (CSRRs) slots on the aperture coupled to ground, are to expand the connectivity and mobility of the proposed MIMO antenna by offering multiple bands, higher isolation, broadside radiation, and low specific absorption rate (SAR). The leaky wave and button antennas have dimensions of 40 x 30 x 1 mm(3) and a diameter of only 13 mm, respectively. The operational bands are 0.86-2.75 GHz, 2.9-4.85 GHz, 5.75-6.15 GHz, and 8-9.85 GHz, covering the L, C, S, and X bands. Additionally, diversity performance is evaluated by defining the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), diversity gain (DG), Channel Capacity Loss (CCL), and mean effective gain (MEG). The simulation and measurement findings are in good agreement. Following that, it offers a maximum gain of 8.25 dBi, low SAR (<0.05), an ECC below 0.05, DG above 9.85 dB, CCL< 0.25 bits/s/Hz, MEG <-3 dB, Circular polarization (CP), and strong isolation (>22 dB) between every two ports. These features make the proposed antenna an ideal option for MIMO communications and suitable for wireless local area network (WLAN) and fifth-generation (5G) communications.Öğe High gain couple feed multiband wearable antenna for 5g and sub-6 GHz communications(WILEY, 2022) Saeidi, Tale; Karamzadeh, SaeidA multi-band, small, high gain, low specific absorption rate (SAR), and circularly polarized (CP) textile wearable antenna fed using aperture coupled technique is designed on two layers of denim (epsilon r=1.2$$ {\boldsymbol{\varepsilon}}_{\boldsymbol{r}}=\mathbf{1.2} $$, h = 0.787 mm as feeding layer) and felt (epsilon r=1.3$$ {\boldsymbol{\varepsilon}}_{\boldsymbol{r}}=\mathbf{1.3} $$, h = 1.5 mm as a resonating layer) textile substrates. The antenna is designed on two layers with two relative permittivities to enhance the BW and reduce the negative mutual coupling. Afterward, another layer of denim with the complete ground of ShieldIt conductor is added to decrease the SAR value along with the directive gain. The antenna works for Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM), 5G, and sub-6 GHz communication systems as it operates at 2.45-2.55 GHz and 3.8 GHz (3.6-4.15 GHz), and 5.6 GHz (5.55-5.65 GHz), respectively. The proposed antenna has the maximum directive gain of 8.35 dBi, acceptable SAR values at a 10 mm distance from the human body for both standards. In addition, the antenna's CP is examined, showing AR values of <2.5 dB at the working BW. Finally, the proposed antenna is measured and compared with the simulation results. A good agreement exists between simulation and measurement results.Öğe High gain multi-band circularly polarized wearable leaky wave zipper MIMO antenna(Cell press, 2024) Saeidi, Tale; Saleh, Sahar; Mahmood, Sarmad Nozad; Timmons, Nick; Al-Gburi, Ahmed Jamal Abdullah; Karamzadeh, Saeid; Razzaz, FaroqA miniaturized, multi-band, four-port wearable Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna is proposed, which contains a leaky wave textile antenna (LWTA) on denim (epsilon(r) = 1.6, tan delta = 0.006) as substrate and Shieldit Super Fabric as conductor textile. The concept in this work involves incorporating the metal and plastic zipper into the garment to function as an antenna worn on the body. Simulations and measurements have been conducted to explore this idea. The LWTA has dimensions of 40 x 30 x 1 mm(3). Every two ports are separated by a zipper with two different kinds of materials: Acetal Polymer Plastic (APP) and 90 % brass to improve the isolation, gain, and Impedance bandwidth. The antenna operates in the frequency ranges covering the L, C, S, and X bands. Additionally, diversity performance is evaluated using the Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC) and diversity gain (DG). Simulation and measurement findings agree well, with a maximum gain of 12.15 dBi, low Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) based on the standards, DG greater than 9.65 dB, circular polarization (CP), and strong isolation (<-23 dB) between each port. Since the antenna's characteristics do not change significantly under bending and when the zipper is opened, the proposed antenna is a viable candidate for body-centric wireless communications on the battlefield. For example, it can facilitate communication covering wireless local area network (WLAN) and fifth-generation (5G) communications.Öğe High gain wide band flexible leaky wave MIMO antenna for AIP applications(IEEE, 2022) Saeidi, Tale; Karamzadeh, SaeidA four-port flexible Leaky Wave Antenna (LWA) is designed in the D-band to obtain a pencil beam radiation pattern with consistent gain and miniaturized size for Antenna in Package (AiP) applications. It is designed on a polyimide substrate with dielectric constant of 3.5, tangent loss of 0.006, and thickness of 10 mu m. It consists of two rectangular patches fed through the Coplanar Waveguide (CPW) feeding technique. It also combines transverse and longitudinal slots on the rectangular patches to create circular polarization and improve the open stop-band issue of the LWAs. In addition, a matching element is utilized at each feeding, and then the feed line is cut by H-slots to improve the mutual coupling of the antenna. The proposed antenna offers a wide Bandwidth (BW) of 110- 135 GHz with small dimensions of 6 x 7 mm(2). The main beam scans from -87 degrees at 110 GHz to 0 degrees at 130 GHz. The simulated peak gain of 14.8 dBic is obtained in an almost broadside direction at 115 GHz.Öğe Meta Surface-Based Multiband MIMO Antenna for UAV Communications at mm-Wave and Sub-THz Bands(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2024) Saeidi, Tale; Saleh, Sahar; Timmons, Nick; Al-Gburi, Ahmed Jamal Abdullah; Karamzadeh, Saeid; Althuwayb, Ayman A.; Rashid, Nasr; Kaaniche, Khaled; Ben Atitallah, Ahmed; Elhamrawy, Osama I.Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) need high data rate connectivity, which is achievable through mm-waves and sub-THz bands. The proposed two-port leaky wave MIMO antenna, employing a coplanar proximity technique that combines capacitive and inductive loading, addresses this need. Featuring mesh-like slots and a vertical slot to mitigate open-stopband (OSB) issues, the antenna radiates broadside and bidirectionally. H-shaped slots on a strip enhance port isolation, and a coffee bean metasurface (MTS) boosts radiation efficiency and gain. Simulations and experiments considering various realistic scenarios, each at varying vertical and horizontal distances, show steered beam patterns, circular polarization (CP), and high-gain properties, with a maximum gain of 13.8 dBi, an axial ratio (AR) <2.9, a diversity gain (DG) >9.98 dB, and an envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) <0.003. This design supports drones-to-ground (D2G), drone-to-drone (D2D), and drone-to-satellite (D2S) communications. © 2024 by the authors.Öğe A Miniaturized Full-Ground Dual-Band MIMO Spiral Button Wearable Antenna for 5G and Sub-6 GHz Communications(Mdpi, 2023) Saeidi, Tale; Al-Gburi, Ahmed Jamal Abdullah; Karamzadeh, SaeidA detachable miniaturized three-element spirals radiator button antenna integrated with a compact leaky-wave wearable antenna forming a dual-band three-port antenna is proposed. The leaky-wave antenna is fabricated on a denim (epsilon(r) = 1.6, tan delta = 0.006) textile substrate with dimensions of 0.37 lambda(0) x 0.25 lambda(0) x 0.01 lambda(0) mm(3) and a detachable rigid button of 20 mm diameter (on a PTFE substrate epsilon(r) = 2.01, tan delta = 0.001). It augments users' comfort, making it one of the smallest to date in the literature. The designed antenna, with 3.25 to 3.65 GHz and 5.4 to 5.85 GHz operational bands, covers the wireless local area network (WLAN) frequency (5.1-5.5 GHz), the fifth-generation (5G) communication band. Low mutual coupling between the ports and the button antenna elements ensures high diversity performance. The performance of the specific absorption rate (SAR) and the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) are also examined. The simulation and measurement findings agree well. Low SAR, <-0.05 of LCC, more than 9.5 dBi diversity gain, dual polarization, and strong isolation between every two ports all point to the proposed antenna being an ideal option for use as a MIMO antenna for communications.Öğe A Miniaturized Multi-Frequency Wide-Band Leaky Wave Button Antenna for ISM/5G Communications and WBAN Applications(Amer Geophysical Union, 2023) Saeidi, Tale; Karamzadeh, SaeidA low-profile multi-frequency leaky wave button antenna for body-centric communications is presented. A leaky wave antenna loaded with U-slots (a combination of U-slots and slits) and tapered slot structures to improve the radiation efficiency, broadside radiation pattern, and widen the steering range is designed. Furthermore, it comprises a whole ground to meet the Specific Absorption Rate standard requirements based on the known standards. The antenna's performances are examined for on and off-body conditions. For demonstration, a prototype is implemented, and the measurement is performed on the chest. The antenna operates at multi bands of 1.7-3.3 GHz (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical and 5G communication) and 4.15-10 GHz (sub-6 GHz and X-band communications). The peak gains of 6.9 and 8.2 dBi were obtained for on and off- body conditions, respectively. Furthermore, the antenna offers maximum radiation efficiencies of 89.3% and 99.3% for on-body and free-space conditions. The specific absorption rate (SAR) values obtained for body-centric communications meet the regulation requirements (e.g., on body tissue at 3.2 GHz, it is 0.78 (1 g) and 0.44 (10 g) W/kg). With an overall miniaturized size, the proposed button antenna could be integrated with clothes. In addition, a multi-wide bandwidth, circularly polarized radiation, a small size, high efficiency and gain, and low SAR values prove that the proposed antenna can be a potential candidate for wireless body area network and simultaneous wireless information and power transfer applications.
