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    Adoption of energy consumption in urban mobility considering digital carbon footprint: A two-phase interval-valued Fermatean fuzzy dominance methodology
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Jeevaraj, S.; Gokasar, Ilgin; Deveci, Muhammet; Delen, Dursun; Zaidan, Bilal Bahaa; Wen, Xin; Shang, Wen-Long
    Interval-valued Fermatean fuzzy sets play a significant role in modelling decision-making problems with incomplete information more accurately than intuitionistic fuzzy sets. Various decision-making methods have been introduced for the different classes IFSs. In this study, we aim to introduce a novel two-phase interval-valued Fermatean fuzzy dominance method which suits the decision-making problems modelled under the IVFFS environment well and study its applications in the adoption of energy consumption in Urban mobility considering digital carbon footprint. The proposed method considers the importance and performance of one alternative with respect to all others, which is not the case with many available decision making algorithms introduced in the literature. Transportation is one of the most significant sources of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Numerous potential remedies are proposed to reduce the quantity of GHG generated by transportation activities, including regulatory measures and public transit digitalization initiatives. Decision-makers, however, should consider the digital carbon footprint of such projects. This study proposes three alternatives for reducing GHG emissions from transportation activities: incremental adoption of digital technologies to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gases, disruptive digitalization technologies in urban mobility, and redesign of urban mobility using regulatory approaches and economic instruments. The proposed novel two-phase interval-valued Fermatean fuzzy dominance method will be utilized to rank these alternative projects in order of advantage. First, the problem is converted into a multi-criterion group decision making problem. Then a novel two-phase interval-valued Fermatean fuzzy dominance method is designed and developed to rank the alternatives. The importance and advantage of the proposed two-phase method over other existing methods are discussed by using sensitivity and comparative analysis. The results indicate that rethinking urban mobility through governmental policies and economic tools is the least advantageous choice, while incremental adoption of digital technologies is the most advantageous.