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Öğe Advancements and applications of upconversion nanoparticles in wound dressings(Royal Soc Chemistry, 2024) Gultekin, Hazal Ezgi; Yasayan, Gokcen; Bal-Ozurk, Ayca; Bigham, Ashkan; Simchi, Abdolreza (Arash); Zarepour, Atefeh; Iravani, SiavashWound healing is a complex process that requires effective management to prevent infections and promote efficient tissue regeneration. In recent years, upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have emerged as promising materials for wound dressing applications due to their unique optical properties and potential therapeutic functionalities. These nanoparticles possess enhanced antibacterial properties when functionalized with antibacterial agents, helping to prevent infections, a common complication in wound healing. They can serve as carriers for controlled drug delivery, enabling targeted release of therapeutic agents to the wound site, allowing for tailored treatment and optimal healing conditions. These nanoparticles possess the ability to convert near-infrared (NIR) light into the visible and/or ultraviolet (UV) regions, making them suitable for therapeutic (photothermal therapy and photodynamic therapy) and diagnostic applications. In the context of wound healing, these nanoparticles can be combined with other materials such as hydrogels, fibers, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), graphene oxide, etc., to enhance the healing process and prevent the growth of microbial infections. Notably, UCNPs can act as sensors for real-time monitoring of the wound healing progress, providing valuable feedback to healthcare professionals. Despite their potential, the use of UCNPs in wound dressing applications faces several challenges. Ensuring the stability and biocompatibility of UCNPs under physiological conditions is crucial for their effective integration into dressings. Comprehensive safety and efficacy evaluations are necessary to understand potential risks and optimize UCNP-based dressings. Scalability and cost-effectiveness of UCNP synthesis and manufacturing processes are important considerations for practical applications. In addition, efficient incorporation of UCNPs into dressings, achieving uniform distribution, poses an important challenge that needs to be addressed. Future research should prioritize addressing concerns regarding stability and biocompatibility, efficient integration into dressings, rigorous safety evaluation, scalability, and cost-effectiveness. The purpose of this review is to critically evaluate the advantages, challenges, and key properties of UCNPs in wound dressing applications to provide insights into their potential as innovative solutions for enhancing wound healing outcomes. We have provided a detailed description of various types of smart wound dressings, focusing on the synthesis and biomedical applications of UCNPs, specifically their utilization in different types of wound dressings. In this review, we aim to showcase the potential and benefits of up-conversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) in advanced wound care applications.Öğe Advances in phototheranostic agents: From imaging to targeted therapy(Elsevier Ltd., 2025) Samadzadeh, Meisam; Khosravi, Arezoo; Zarepour, Atefeh; Noei, Hadi; Sivakumar, Ponnurengam Malliappan; Iravani, Siavash; Zarrabi, AliThe recent evolution of phototheranostic agents represents a groundbreaking intersection of diagnostic imaging and targeted therapy, particularly in oncology. This review aims to elucidate the recent advances in phototheranostic agents, highlighting their dual functionality in imaging and targeted therapy. Despite significant progress, several challenges persist, including the optimization of agent specificity, light penetration in tissues, and the potential for off-target effects. The variability in tumor microenvironments presents a significant obstacle, complicating the development of universal phototheranostic agents. Moreover, concerns regarding the long-term stability, potential toxicity, and biocompatibility of these agents necessitate thorough evaluation and optimization. Notably, the complexity of designing nanoparticles that can effectively deliver both imaging and therapeutic modalities poses additional hurdles. Future perspectives in this field emphasize the need for innovative strategies to enhance agent stability, biocompatibility, and targeted delivery. Furthermore, ongoing research focuses on the development of novel light-based techniques and the exploration of combination therapies to improve treatment efficacy. By addressing these challenges, the potential of phototheranostic agents to transform personalized cancer therapy becomes increasingly promising. This review serves as a comprehensive overview of the current landscape, challenges, and future directions in phototheranostic research, ultimately aiming to inform and inspire further investigation in this dynamic field. © 2025 Elsevier LtdÖğe Bacterial nanocelluloses as sustainable biomaterials for advanced wound healing and dressings(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2024) Zarepour, Atefeh; Gök, Bahar; Budama Kılınç, Yasemin; Khosravi, Arezoo; Iravani, Siavash; Zarrabi, AliWound healing remains a significant clinical challenge, calling for innovative approaches to expedite the recovery process and improve patient outcomes. Bacterial nanocelluloses (BNCs) have emerged as a promising solution in the field of wound healing and dressings due to their unique properties such as high crystallinity, mechanical strength, high purity, porosity, high water absorption capacity, biodegradability, biocompatibility, sustainability, and flexibility. BNC-based materials can be applied for the treatment of different types of wounds, from second-degree burns to skin tears, biopsy sites, and diabetic and ischemic wounds. BNC-based dressings have exceptional mechanical properties such as flexibility and strength, which ensure proper wound coverage and protection. The renewable nature, eco-friendly production process, longer lifespan, and potential for biodegradability of BNCs make them a more sustainable alternative to conventional wound care materials. This review aims to provide a detailed overview on the application of BNC-based composites for wound healing and dressings via highlighting their ability as a carrier for delivery of different types of antimicrobial compounds as well as their direct effect on the healing process. Besides, it mentions some of the in vivo and clinical studies using BNC-based dressings and describes challenges related to the application of these materials as well as their future directions. © 2024 The Royal Society of Chemistry.Öğe Carbon-based nanozymes for cancer therapy and diagnosis: a review(Elsevier b.v., 2025) Cordani, Marco; Fernández-Lucas, Jesús; Khosravi, Arezoo; Zare, Ehsan Nazarzadeh; Makvandi, Pooyan; Zarrabi, Ali; Iravani, SiavashCarbon-based nanozymes (CNs) have emerged as a significant innovation in targeted cancer therapy, demonstrating great potential for advancing cancer diagnosis and treatment. With exceptional catalytic properties, remarkable biocompatibility, and the ability to precisely target cancer cells, CNs provide a promising avenue for the development of novel oncological therapies. By functionalizing their surfaces with targeting ligands, such as antibodies or peptides, CNs can specifically recognize and bind to cancer cells. This targeted approach ensures that therapeutic agents are delivered directly to the tumor site, minimizing off-target effects, and reducing systemic toxicity. Additionally, the enzyme-like activities of CNs, when combined with conventional therapies such as chemotherapeutics, photothermal therapy, and photodynamic therapy, or other modalities can enhance therapeutic outcomes. Integrating CNs into clinical practice could significantly improve therapeutic efficacy, reduce probable side effects, enhance patient outcomes, and drive a shift towards more personalized cancer care. Besides, CNs can also be employed in biosensors and diagnostic nanomaterials, enabling rapid, selective, and highly accurate detection of specific biomarkers. Their versatile functionalities open new avenues for refining imaging techniques, ultimately contributing to early diagnosis and better clinical decision-making. This review consolidates recent studies exploring CNs in cancer targeting, highlighting both their diagnostic and therapeutic potential in oncology.Öğe Graphene- and MXene-based materials for neuroscience: diagnostic and therapeutic applications(Royal Soc Chemistry, 2023) Zarepour, Atefeh; Karasu, Cimen; Mir, Yousof; Nematollahi, Mohammad Hadi; Iravani, Siavash; Zarrabi, AliMXenes and graphene are two-dimensional materials that have gained increasing attention in neuroscience, particularly in sensing, theranostics, and biomedical engineering. Various composites of graphene and MXenes with fascinating thermal, optical, magnetic, mechanical, and electrical properties have been introduced to develop advanced nanosystems for diagnostic and therapeutic applications, as exemplified in the case of biosensors for neurotransmitter detection. These biosensors display high sensitivity, selectivity, and stability, making them promising tools for neuroscience research. MXenes have been employed to create high-resolution neural interfaces for neuroelectronic devices, develop neuro-receptor-mediated synapse devices, and stimulate the electrophysiological maturation of neural circuits. On the other hand, graphene/derivatives exhibit therapeutic applicability in neuroscience, as exemplified in the case of graphene oxide for targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to the brain. While MXenes and graphene have potential benefits in neuroscience, there are also challenges/limitations associated with their use, such as toxicity, environmental impacts, and limited understanding of their properties. In addition, large-scale production and commercialization as well as optimization of reaction/synthesis conditions and clinical translation studies are very important aspects. Thus, it is important to consider the use of these materials in neuroscience research and conduct further research to obtain an in-depth understanding of their properties and potential applications. By addressing issues related to biocompatibility, long-term stability, targeted delivery, electrical interfaces, scalability, and cost-effectiveness, MXenes and graphene have the potential to greatly advance the field of neuroscience and pave the way for innovative diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for neurological disorders. Herein, recent advances in therapeutic and diagnostic applications of graphene- and MXene-based materials in neuroscience are discussed, focusing on important challenges and future prospects. Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of graphene- and MXene-based materials in neuroscience are deliberated, focusing on important challenges and future prospects.Öğe Innovative approaches for cancer treatment: graphene quantum dots for photodynamic and photothermal therapies(Royal Soc Chemistry, 2024) Zarepour, Atefeh; Khosravi, Arezoo; Yuecel Ayten, Necla; cakir Hatir, Pinar; Iravani, Siavash; Zarrabi, AliGraphene quantum dots (GQDs) hold great promise for photodynamic and photothermal cancer therapies. Their unique properties, such as exceptional photoluminescence, photothermal conversion efficiency, and surface functionalization capabilities, make them attractive candidates for targeted cancer treatment. GQDs have a high photothermal conversion efficiency, meaning they can efficiently convert light energy into heat, leading to localized hyperthermia in tumors. By targeting the tumor site with laser irradiation, GQD-based nanosystems can induce selective cancer cell destruction while sparing healthy tissues. In photodynamic therapy, light-sensitive compounds known as photosensitizers are activated by light of specific wavelengths, generating reactive oxygen species that induce cancer cell death. GQD-based nanosystems can act as excellent photosensitizers due to their ability to absorb light across a broad spectrum; their nanoscale size allows for deeper tissue penetration, enhancing the therapeutic effect. The combination of photothermal and photodynamic therapies using GQDs holds immense potential in cancer treatment. By integrating GQDs into this combination therapy approach, researchers aim to achieve enhanced therapeutic efficacy through synergistic effects. However, biodistribution and biodegradation of GQDs within the body present a significant hurdle to overcome, as ensuring their effective delivery to the tumor site and stability during treatment is crucial for therapeutic efficacy. In addition, achieving precise targeting specificity of GQDs to cancer cells is a challenging task that requires further exploration. Moreover, improving the photothermal conversion efficiency of GQDs, controlling reactive oxygen species generation for photodynamic therapy, and evaluating their long-term biocompatibility are all areas that demand attention. Scalability and cost-effectiveness of GQD synthesis methods, as well as obtaining regulatory approval for clinical applications, are also hurdles that need to be addressed. Further exploration of GQDs in photothermal and photodynamic cancer therapies holds promise for advancements in targeted drug delivery, personalized medicine approaches, and the development of innovative combination therapies. The purpose of this review is to critically examine the current trends and advancements in the application of GQDs in photothermal and photodynamic cancer therapies, highlighting their potential benefits, advantages, and future perspectives as well as addressing the crucial challenges that need to be overcome for their practical application in targeted cancer therapy. Recent advancements pertaining to the application of GQD-based nanosystems in photothermal and photodynamic cancer therapies are discussed, highlighting crucial challenges, advantages, and future perspectives.Öğe Intersecting pathways: The role of hybrid E/M cells and circulating tumor cells in cancer metastasis and drug resistance(Churchill Livingstone, 2024) Hariri, Amirali; Mirian, Mina; Khosravi, Arezoo; Zarepour, Atefeh; Iravani, Siavash; Zarrabi, AliCancer metastasis and therapy resistance are intricately linked with the dynamics of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs). EMT hybrid cells, characterized by a blend of epithelial and mesenchymal traits, have emerged as pivotal in metastasis and demonstrate remarkable plasticity, enabling transitions across cellular states crucial for intravasation, survival in circulation, and extravasation at distal sites. Concurrently, CTCs, which are detached from primary tumors and travel through the bloodstream, are crucial as potential biomarkers for cancer prognosis and therapeutic response. There is a significant interplay between EMT hybrid cells and CTCs, revealing a complex, bidirectional relationship that significantly influences metastatic progression and has a critical role in cancer drug resistance. This resistance is further influenced by the tumor microenvironment, with factors such as tumor-associated macrophages, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and hypoxic conditions driving EMT and contributing to therapeutic resistance. It is important to understand the molecular mechanisms of EMT, characteristics of EMT hybrid cells and CTCs, and their roles in both metastasis and drug resistance. This comprehensive understanding sheds light on the complexities of cancer metastasis and opens avenues for novel diagnostic approaches and targeted therapies and has significant advancements in combating cancer metastasis and overcoming drug resistance. © 2024 Elsevier LtdÖğe MOFs and MOF-Based Composites as Next-Generation Materials for Wound Healing and Dressings(Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2024) Bigham, Ashkan; Islami, Negar; Khosravi, Arezoo; Zarepour, Atefeh; Iravani, Siavash; Zarrabi, AliIn recent years, there has been growing interest in developing innovative materials and therapeutic strategies to enhance wound healing outcomes, especially for chronic wounds and antimicrobial resistance. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) represent a promising class of materials for next-generation wound healing and dressings. Their high surface area, pore structures, stimuli-responsiveness, antibacterial properties, biocompatibility, and potential for combination therapies make them suitable for complex wound care challenges. MOF-based composites promote cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and matrix synthesis, acting as carriers for bioactive molecules and promoting tissue regeneration. They also have stimuli-responsivity, enabling photothermal therapies for skin cancer and infections. Herein, a critical analysis of the current state of research on MOFs and MOF-based composites for wound healing and dressings is provided, offering valuable insights into the potential applications, challenges, and future directions in this field. This literature review has targeted the multifunctionality nature of MOFs in wound-disease therapy and healing from different aspects and discussed the most recent advancements made in the field. In this context, the potential reader will find how the MOFs contributed to this field to yield more effective, functional, and innovative dressings and how they lead to the next generation of biomaterials for skin therapy and regeneration. Recent advancements pertaining to the applications of MOFs and their composites for wound healing and dressings are deliberated, with the purpose of identifying knowledge gaps, evaluating challenges, and guiding future directions in the field. imageÖğe MXene-based biosensors for selective detection of pathogenic viruses and bacteria(Elsevier, 2023) Sezen, Serap; Zarepour, Atefeh; Zarrabi, Ali; Iravani, SiavashThe design of advanced MXene-based biosensors with high sensitivity and selectivity can revolutionize the manufacturing industry of biosensors for early detection of biomarkers in molecular and clinical diagnostics, monitoring disease progression, and drug discovery. MXenes are a class of two-dimensional materials with interesting properties such as good biocompatibility, ideal mechanical features, good thermal and mechanical conductivities, large surface area, high transmittance ability, enhanced chemical stability, hydrophilicity, wear resistance, and high stability in oxygen free and dry environments. MXene-based biosensors have been developed for the detection of pathogenic viruses and bacteria. Their capabilities to detect pathogenic viruses and bacteria with high sensitivity and accuracy, inactivate viruses/bacteria, and immobilize a large number of biomolecules make them an attractive option for developing biosensors and other diagnostic tools. Herein, the current state-ofthe-art advancements in the use of MXene-based biosensors for the specific detection of pathogenic viruses and bacteria, as well as their developmental challenges and future perspectives are deliberated. Undoubtedly, the unique properties of MXenes make them ideal for immobilizing biomolecules and detecting target analytes. Ongoing research is focused on optimizing the performance of MXene-based biosensors and expanding their applications to other areas of biosensing.Öğe MXene-based composites in smart wound healing and dressings(Royal society of chemistry, 2024) Zarepour, Atefeh; Rafati, Nesa; Khosravi, Arezoo; Rabiee, Navid; Iravani, Siavash; Zarrabi, AliMXenes, a class of two-dimensional materials, exhibit considerable potential in wound healing and dressing applications due to their distinctive attributes, including biocompatibility, expansive specific surface area, hydrophilicity, excellent electrical conductivity, unique mechanical properties, facile surface functionalization, and tunable band gaps. These materials serve as a foundation for the development of advanced wound healing materials, offering multifunctional nanoplatforms with theranostic capabilities. Key advantages of MXene-based materials in wound healing and dressings encompass potent antibacterial properties, hemostatic potential, pro-proliferative attributes, photothermal effects, and facilitation of cell growth. So far, different types of MXene-based materials have been introduced with improved features for wound healing and dressing applications. This review covers the recent advancements in MXene-based wound healing and dressings, with a focus on their contributions to tissue regeneration, infection control, anti-inflammation, photothermal effects, and targeted therapeutic delivery. We also discussed the constraints and prospects for the future application of these nanocomposites in the context of wound healing/dressings. Recent advancements in MXene-based wound dressings are discussed, focusing on their contributions to tissue regeneration, infection control, anti-inflammation and photothermal effects, and targeted therapeutic delivery.Öğe MXene-based nano(bio)sensors for the detection of biomarkers: A move towards intelligent sensors(Elsevier, 2024) Khorsandi, Danial; Yang, Jia-Wei; Ulker, Zeynep; Bayraktaroglu, Kenz; Zarepour, Atefeh; Iravani, Siavash; Khosravi, ArezooMXene-based nano(bio)sensors have emerged as promising tools for detecting different biomarkers. These sensors utilize MXene materials, a class of two-dimensional transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides, to enable highly sensitive and selective detection. One of the key advantages of MXene-based materials is their high surface area, allowing for efficient immobilization of biomolecules. They also exhibit excellent electrical conductivity, enabling rapid and sensitive detection of biomarkers. The combination of high surface area and conductivity makes MXene-based sensors ideal for detecting biomarkers at low concentrations. Furthermore, MXene-based materials possess unique mechanical properties, ensuring the durability of the sensors. This durability enables repeated use without compromising the sensor performance, making MXene-based sensors suitable for continuous monitoring applications. Despite their advantages, MXene-based nano(bio)sensors face certain challenges for practical biomedical and clinical applications. One challenge lies in the synthesis of MXene materials, which can be complex and time-consuming. Developing scalable synthesis methods is crucial to enable large-scale production and widespread use of MXene-based sensors. In addition, ensuring the stability of MXene layers under various environmental conditions remains a challenge for their practical application. Another limitation is the specificity of MXene-based sensors towards targeted biomarkers. Interfering substances or crossreactivity with similar biomolecules can lead to false-positive or false-negative results. Enhancing the selectivity of MXene-based sensors through optimization and functionalization is essential to improve their reliability and accuracy. The integration of these sensors with emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI) and internet of things, opens up new possibilities in biomarker detection. The combination of MXene sensors with AI algorithms can enable real-time monitoring, remote data analysis, and personalized healthcare solutions. Herein, the significant challenges and future prospects of MXene-based nano(bio)sensors for the detection of biomarkers are deliberated. The key obstacles have been highlighted, such as ensuring the stability and biocompatibility of MXene-based sensors, as well as addressing scalability issues. The promising future prospects of these sensors have also been explored, including their potential for high sensitivity, selectivity, and rapid response.Öğe Next-generation nitrogen fixation strategy: empowering electrocatalysis with MXenes(Royal society of chemistry, 2024) Iravani, Siavash; Zarepour, Atefeh; Khosravi, Arezoo; Varma, Rajender S.; Zarrabi, AliIn recent years, the development of sustainable and cost-effective electrocatalysts for nitrogen (N2) fixation has garnered significant attention, leading to the introduction of next-generation materials with electrocatalytic properties. Among the most interesting types of these materials, MXenes and their composite forms with their unique properties like high electrochemical activity, large surface area, tunable properties, excellent electrical conductivity, chemical stability, and abundant transition metals have been widely explored. These properties make MXenes promising candidates for various electrochemical reactions, including water splitting, oxygen reduction, hydrogen evolution, N2 activation and reduction, among others. The interface of these materials could be engineered with other entities which can serve as a promising tool for sustainable production of ammonia (NH3) to address the global nitrogen-related challenges. Moreover, optimizing the interfaces between them and reactants is another way to achieve high catalytic activity, selectivity, and stability. Accordingly, this review aims to offer a comprehensive overview of the current state of research in the field of electrocatalytic N2 fixation deploying MXenes and their composites. The highlights comprise progress made in understanding the catalytic properties and unique performances of MXenes for N2 fixation, as well as challenges that persist in this context and the possible solutions that could be implemented to circumvent these challenges in the future. MXenes offer environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional N2 fixation methods via potential optimization of their catalytic activity and circumventing some synthesis challenges.Öğe Promising breakthroughs in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis treatment through nanotechnology's unexplored frontier(Elsevier masson s.r.l., 2025) Sojdeh, Soheil; Safarkhani, Moein; Daneshgar, Hossein; Aldhaher, Abdullah; Heidari, Golnaz; Nazarzadeh Zare, Ehsan; Iravani, Siavash; Zarrabi, Ali; Rabiee, NavidThis review explores the transformative potential of nanotechnology in the treatment and diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor neuron degeneration, muscle weakness, and eventual paralysis. Nanotechnology offers innovative solutions across various domains, including targeted drug delivery, neuroprotection, gene therapy and editing, biomarker detection, advanced imaging techniques, and tissue engineering. By enhancing the precision and efficacy of therapeutic interventions, nanotechnology facilitates key advancements such as crossing the blood-brain barrier, targeting specific cell types, achieving sustained therapeutic release, and enabling combination therapies tailored to the complex pathophysiology of ALS. Despite its immense promise, the clinical translation of these approaches faces challenges, including potential cytotoxicity, biocompatibility, and regulatory compliance, which must be addressed through rigorous research and testing. This review emphasizes the application of nanotechnology in targeted drug delivery and gene therapy/editing for ALS, drawing on the author's prior work with various nanotechnological platforms to illustrate strategies for overcoming similar obstacles in drug and gene delivery. By bridging the gap between cutting-edge technology and clinical application, this article aims to highlight the vital role of nanotechnology in shaping the future of ALS treatment.Öğe Self-healing materials in biomedicine and the circular economy(Royal Soc Chemistry, 2024) Venkateswaran, Meenakshi R.; Khosravi, Arezoo; Zarepour, Atefeh; Iravani, Siavash; Zarrabi, AliSelf-healing (bio)materials represent a cornerstone in the transition towards a circular economy in healthcare. These materials possess the remarkable ability to autonomously repair damage, thereby extending the lifespan of medical devices, implants, sensors, wound dressings, and drug delivery systems. By extending the lifespan of biomedical products, they can significantly reduce waste generation and minimize the environmental impact associated with frequent replacement. In addition, the integration of self-healing properties into drug delivery systems can enhance their efficacy and reduce the need for frequent administration, resulting in a more sustainable healthcare system. Notably, self-healing polymers and hydrogels have the potential to improve the durability and lifespan of wound dressings, providing extended protection and support throughout the healing process. The development and implementation of self-healing biomaterials signify a shift towards a more environmentally conscious and resource-efficient healthcare sector. By adopting a circular approach, healthcare facilities can optimize the use of resources throughout the product lifecycle. This includes designing medical devices with self-healing capabilities, implementing efficient recycling systems, and promoting the development of new materials from recycled sources. Such an approach not only reduces the environmental footprint of the healthcare sector but also contributes to a more sustainable and resilient supply chain. The adoption of self-healing (bio)materials offers numerous benefits for the healthcare industry. These materials not only can reduce the environmental impact of medical practices by extending the lifecycle of products but also enhance patient safety and treatment outcomes. The integration of self-healing materials in the healthcare industry holds promise for supporting a more circular economy by extending the product lifespan, reducing waste generation, and fostering sustainable practices in medical settings. However, additional explorations are warranted to optimize the performance and stability of self-healing (bio)materials, ensuring their long-term effectiveness. One of the primary challenges in the adoption of self-healing materials is the cost associated with their production. Notably, the exploration of specific self-healing mechanisms will be crucial in expanding their applications. This review examines the intersection of self-healing materials, biomedicine, and the circular economy, focusing on the challenges, advantages, and future perspectives associated with their implementation. This review examines the intersection of self-healing materials, biomedicine, and the circular economy, focusing on the challenges, advantages, and future perspectives associated with their implementation.Öğe Self-healing MXene-and graphene-based composites : properties and applications(Springer, 2023) Zarepour, Atefeh; Ahmadi, Sepideh; Rabiee, Navid; Zarrabi, Ali; Iravani, SiavashToday, self-healing graphene- and MXene-based composites have attracted researchers due to the increase in durability as well as the cost reduction in long-time applications. Different studies have focused on designing novel self-healing graphene- and MXene-based composites with enhanced sensitivity, stretchability, and flexibility as well as improved electrical conductivity, healing efficacy, mechanical properties, and energy conversion efficacy. These composites with self-healing properties can be employed in the field of wearable sensors, supercapacitors, anticorrosive coatings, electromagnetic interference shielding, electronic-skin, soft robotics, etc. However, it appears that more explorations are still needed to achieve composites with excellent arbitrary shape adaptability, suitable adhesiveness, ideal durability, high stretchability, immediate self-healing responsibility, and outstanding electromagnetic features. Besides, optimizing reaction/synthesis conditions and finding suitable strategies for functionalization/modification are crucial aspects that should be comprehensively investigated. MXenes and graphene exhibited superior electrochemical properties with abundant surface terminations and great surface area, which are important to evolve biomedical and sensing applications. However, flexibility and stretchability are important criteria that need to be improved for their future applications. Herein, the most recent advancements pertaining to the applications and properties of self-healing graphene- and MXene-based composites are deliberated, focusing on crucial challenges and future perspectives.Öğe Sustainable nanomaterials for precision medicine in cancer therapy(Elsevier, 2024) Bigham, Ashkan; Zarepour, Atefeh; Khosravi, Arezoo; Iravani, Siavash; Zarrabi, AliSustainable nanomaterials have attracted much attention in the last decades in different applications mainly to minimize harm to environment by using renewable resources. One of those areas is precision medicine for cancer therapy, offering tailored solutions for targeted drug delivery, cancer immunotherapy, imaging/biosensing, and therapy monitoring. Recent trends in bio- and nanomedicine have focused on developing biocompatible and biodegradable multifunctional nanocarriers that enhance drug delivery efficiency while minimize systemic toxicity. Fabricating sustainable nanomaterials with smart functionalities, such as stimuli-responsive behavior and targeted drug release mechanisms, holds great potential for improving the efficacy of therapy with more desirable outcomes. However, challenges persist in ensuring the biosafety, targeting efficiency, and specificity of these nanomaterials; also, clinical translation studies, optimizing scalability, and cost-effectiveness in production processes need to be addressed. The primary purpose of this review is to examine the recent advancements in sustainable nanomaterials for precision medicine in targeted cancer therapy via summarizing the progress made in this field. In addition, we mentioned about the crucial challenges related to these innovative solutions, such as ensuring the safety and sustainability of nanomaterials. Moreover, by exploring the future perspectives of this technology, we hope to provide insights into the direction of developments in sustainable nanomaterials for precision medicine, particularly in the context of targeted cancer therapy.Öğe Sustainable synthesis: natural processes shaping the nanocircular economy(Royal Soc Chemistry, 2024) Khosravi, Arezoo; Zarepour, Atefeh; Iravani, Siavash; Varma, Rajender S.; Zarrabi, AliSustainable synthesis in nano domain refers to the development of nanomaterials through deployment of natural processes and principles to minimize the use of hazardous materials and reduce the generation of waste. This method aims to mitigate the environmental impact associated with traditional synthesis methods wherein natural processes, such as biomineralization and self-assembly, offer valuable insights into the nanocircular economy (NE) thus creating numerous benefits. Firstly, it reduces the environmental footprint of nanotechnology by minimizing energy consumption and waste generation. Secondly, it promotes the efficient use of resources by incorporating principles of recycling and reusability. By mimicking natural processes, various nanomaterials can be created, which are biocompatible, biodegradable, and less harmful to the environment. However, challenges such as scale-up, cost, regulatory frameworks, and material selection ought to be addressed to ensure their widespread adoption. The prospects for sustainable synthesis in the NE are promising, with potential advancements in advanced materials, and the integration of circular economy concepts into nanomedicine, and environmental appliances; its future lies in bioinspired synthesis, adherence to green chemistry principles, waste recycling and up-cycling, energy-efficient techniques, life cycle assessment (LCA), and multi-disciplinary collaborations. This review seeks to contribute to the existing knowledge and understanding of sustainable synthesis and its impact on shaping eco-friendlier and resource-efficient NE by describing the methodology involved and discuss the benefits, challenges, and future opportunities emphasizing the importance of sustainability and responsible practices in development of nanomaterials. This perspective aims to shed light on the transformative potential of sustainable synthesis in guiding the transition towards circular economy conceptions in the nanotechnology domain.
