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    Black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) fruits: As a medicinal plant rich in human health-promoting compounds
    (De Gruyter Poland Sp Z O O, 2023) Sakar, Ebru; Ercisli, Sezai; Marc, Romina Alina; Gulen, Hatice; Assouguem, Amine; Ullah, Riaz; Shahat, Abdelaaty A.
    Morus nigra, black mulberry, is the most attractive among mulberry species. The study aimed to determine human health-promoting content and antifungal activity in fruits of seven black mulberry genotypes grown in the Tortum district of Turkey. The genotypes exhibited significant differences in most of the human health-promoting content. Among individual sugars and organic acids, glucose (6.98-8.03 g/100 g fresh weight base) and malic acid (6.33-10.45 g/100 g fresh weight base) were predominant. The ascorbic acid content of genotypes was found between 18.13 and 26.77mg/100 g fresh weight base, indicating that black mulberry fruits had moderate ascorbic acid content. Total phenolic content, total antioxidant capacity, and total anthocyanin contents in fruit extracts of seven black mulberry genotypes were also investigated. The results showed that the levels of the aforementioned parameters changed depending on genotypes. The total phenolic and total anthocyanin contents were in the range of 1,656-2,348 mu g gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g and 623-804 mu g C3GE (cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalent)/g, respectively. The genotypes had antioxidant capacity between 17.41 and 3.86 mu g/mL and between 10.08 and 14.11 mu mol TE/g measured by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, respectively. Some of the genotypes (TOR-1 and TOR-2) had high antifungal activity particularly against C. albicans. It was determined that the people living in the region traditionally use mulberries as blood enhancer, immune system booster, and mouth lesion treatments to protect themselves against different types of cancers and against inflammation. The present results confirm that attractive fruits of black mulberry are a rich natural source of phenolic antioxidants and can contribute to the dietary intake of antioxidants, depending on genotypes.
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    Frost Tolerances of Turkish Olive (Olea europaea L.) Cultivars
    (Univ Namik Kemal, 2023) Mete, Nurengin; Gulen, Hatice; Cetin, Oznur; Hakan, Mehmet; Guloglu, Ugur; Kaya, Hulya; Ulucay, Nurcan
    The motherland of the olive is considered as east of the Mediterranean Basin. Turkey is partly located within this basin having a rich source of biodiversity. Olive growing in Turkey is carried out in the Aegean, Marmara, Mediterranean, Southeastern Anatolia and Black Sea Regions. Climatic factors determine the cultivation limits of olive which is not very selective in terms of soil demand. In regions where olives are grown, the Mediterranean climate prevails. Winters are warm and rainy in the region, while summers are hot and dry. On the other hand, severe cold damage in some years can cause significant damage especially in the inner parts of Aegean, Marmara and Black Sea Regions. As a matter of fact, it is known that 31.8% of olive plantations in Turkey are exposed to occasional frost damage. This situation has revealed the necessity of determining the varieties with high frost tolerance and determining the suitable varieties for the regions where cold damage may occur. In the study, 40 registered olive cultivars in Kemalpasa Olive Germplasm Bank in Bornova Olive Research Institute, in Izmir were screened in terms of frost tolerance. To evaluate the frost tolerance (LT50) of cultivars, as estimated by ion leakage (electrical conductivity), leaf samples taken in six different periods over two years were exposed to temperatures at +4 degrees C (control),-2 degrees C,-5 degrees C,-8 degrees C,-11 degrees C,-14 degrees C,-17 degrees C and-20 degrees C. In conclusion; it has been determined that frost tolerance of olive varieties revealed significant variability both genetically and seasonally. Butko, Memeli, Otur, Gemlik, Sinop No 5, Yun celebi, Kara Yaprak, Sati and Sari Ulak were determined as cultivars that were more tolerant of frost. Sinop No 1, Marantelli, Ayvalik, Gorvele, cakir, Samsun Tuzlamalik, Erkence, Saurani, Esek Zeytini (Tekirdag), Kan celebi, Izmir Sofralik, cilli, Samsun Yaglik, Domat, Esek Zeytini (odemis), Sacakli Otur, Sinop No 4, Memecik, Nizip Yaglik, Tekirdag cizmelik and Patos were found to be moderately tolerant cultivars while Edincik, Sinop No 6, cekiste, Mavi, Kiraz, Kilis Yaglik, celebi (Iznik), Trabzon Yaglik, Uslu and Girit olive cultivars were grouped as cultivars having low tolerance to frost. In addition, data showed that cold acclimation in the olive is quite important, and exposure to low temperatures for a certain period of time has significantly increased the frost tolerance. However, this condition was not stable and could rapidly become reversed when temperature reached to the point at which adapdation did not ensure.