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    Synergistic enhancement of osteogenesis: silica nanoparticles and proanthocyanidin on bioinspired nanofibrous scaffolds for craniofacial bone regeneration
    (Springer Nature, 2024) Galefi, Atena; Hosseini, Saadi; Alipour, Atefeh; Banaeyan, Rezvaneh; Farrokhi, Naser; Amanzadeh, Amir; Wang, Peng-Yuan; Zarrabi, Ali; Shahsavarani, Hosein
    The reconstruction of craniofacial bone defects is a significant challenge in regenerative medicine due to the limitations of standard grafts. In this study, we developed innovative, multifunctional, nanostructured scaffolds derived from Phlomis Monocephala leaves to address this issue. These fibrous cellulose scaffolds were coated with Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract and Silica Nanoparticles, individually and in combination, to enhance their properties for bone tissue engineering applications. The scaffolds were meticulously evaluated for their morphology, chemical composition, swelling behavior, protein adsorption, hydrophilicity, porosity, and their ability to support cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation into bone cells. The scaffolds functionalized with both Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract and Silica Nanoparticles exhibited the most favorable properties, significantly promoting the differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into osteogenic cells. This was evidenced by increased alkaline phosphatase activity, matrix mineralization, collagen formation, and the expression of genes related to bone formation. Additionally, these nanostructured scaffolds demonstrated superior antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria compared to uncoated scaffolds. In vivo biocompatibility assessments revealed that the Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract and Silica Nanoparticles-coated scaffolds performed excellently in terms of re-epithelialization, vascularization, and reducing inflammation, showcasing their potential for future clinical applications. Our findings highlight the immense potential of these nanostructured scaffolds as biocompatible materials for treating bone tissue defects, offering a novel and effective approach in the field of nanotechnology and regenerative medicine. © Qatar University and Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024.