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    Advancing ZMF-spinel ferrites with Gd3+ doping: structural, magneto-optical enhancements, and superior gamma-ray shielding for high-tech applications
    (Springer, 2024) Khalil, Huda F.; Issa, Shams A. M.; Elsharkawy, Sherif G.; Boudaghi Malidarreh, Roya; Gad, Sara; Badawi, Ali; Fakhry, Fatma; Zakaly, Hesham M. H.
    In this investigation, the incorporation of Gd3+ ions into ZMF-spinel ferrites through the citrate sol-gel auto-combustion method significantly modified their structural, magneto-optical, and gamma-ray attenuation properties. Doping levels were varied across samples labeled ZMF0 to ZMF4 with Gd3+ concentrations ranging from 0.000 to 0.100. Advanced characterization techniques such as XRD, SEM, TEM, FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy, and XPS, alongside UV-vis spectroscopy and VSM measurements, highlighted the profound impact of Gd3+ doping. Notably, the incorporation of Gd3+ led to nano-sized cubic structures with an optimized crystallite size of 19.82 nm in the ZMF4 sample, and a notable reduction in the band gap from 3.21 eV to 2.99 eV was observed, indicative of enhanced electronic properties. Magnetic analysis revealed a transition towards superparamagnetic behavior, with a decrease in coercivity and squareness ratios, suggesting applications in areas such as data storage and optical waveguides. Furthermore, the study leveraged FLUKA Monte Carlo simulations to assess the gamma-ray shielding efficiency of these materials. It was found that increasing Gd3+ concentration or sample thickness markedly improved radiation attenuation, highlighting the material’s enhanced shielding capabilities against a range of photon energies. The most significant findings included the optimized sample (ZMF4) displaying superior magneto-optical characteristics and outstanding gamma-ray shielding performance, especially at higher Gd3+ levels. This investigation underlines the critical role of Gd3+ doping in advancing the functional properties of ZMF-spinel ferrites for technological and radiation protection applications, showcasing the potential of tailored nanomaterials in addressing complex challenges in material science. Graphical Abstract: (Figure presented.) © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024. Gd3+ ion doping in ZMF-spinel ferrites reduced crystallite sizes to an optimal 19.82 nm, significantly enhancing their magneto-optical properties. Spectral analysis showed a noticeable blue shift in band edge absorption, with optical band gaps narrowing from 3.21 eV to 2.99 eV, indicating improved electronic properties. Magnetic assessments revealed a transition to soft magnetic behavior and identified superparamagnetic regions, broadening potential technological applications. FLUKA Monte Carlo simulations demonstrated that increased Gd3+ concentration and sample thickness significantly boost the material’s gamma-ray shielding efficiency. The study’s comprehensive analysis establishes ZMF-spinel ferrites doped with Gd3+ ions as promising candidates for advanced applications, including radiation protection and energy systems. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024..
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    Assessment of the skin contamination dose coefficients for 252Cf radionuclide: Monte Carlo approach
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Boudaghi Malidarreh, Roya; Mostafa A.M.A.; Issa, Shams A.M.; Zakaly, Hesham M.H
    Handling the 252Cf radionuclide source poses a potential hazard of skin surface contamination in case of an unexpected occurrence. Consequently, there is a growing need to establish precise dose conversion coefficients tailored to each type of emitted primary particle and various radionuclides. Nevertheless, the current body of literature does not provide specific data or methodologies for evaluating skin contamination dose and its associated coefficients, particularly with regard to the 252Cf source. Thus, this study aims to quantify the dose rate received by the skin and its associated coefficients after contamination scenario. Utilizing the established MCNPX environment, the Equivalent dose rate and Absorbed dose, along with Skin contamination dose coefficient (SCDC), have been calculated within the skin tissue. Two methodologies, specifically Watt Fission distribution and the Doppler Effect, are proposed to analyze particle spectra within skin phantom, enabling the calculation of Equivalent dose rate. In accordance with ICRP recommendations regarding the optimal depth for assessing skin doses, the designated scoring volume within the skin is located between depths of 50–100 μm. This volume is tasked with evaluating the dose. The SCDC results were entirely consistent with previously published data from MCNPX, with statistical uncertainties of less than 15%, demonstrating the efficacy of the methodologies employed in this study. This research presents an innovative method for generating data related to skin contamination doses. The novel outcomes in the current research facilitate the assessment of skin dose contamination for the targeted radionuclides and radiotherapy purposes due to staff oversight and radiobiological effects. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd