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    Inspired by nature: Bioinspired and biomimetic photocatalysts for biomedical applications
    (KeAi Communications Co., 2024) Bigham, A.; Zarepour, A.; Safarkhani, M.; Huh, Y.; Khosravi, A.; Rabiee, N.; Iravani S.
    The field of photocatalysis has witnessed a significant advancement in the development of bioinspired and biomimetic photocatalysts for various biomedical applications, including drug delivery, tissue engineering, cancer therapy, and bioimaging. Nature has evolved efficient light-harvesting systems and energy conversion mechanisms, which serve as a benchmark for researchers. However, reproducing such complexity and harnessing it for biomedical applications is a daunting task. It requires a comprehensive understanding of the underlying biological processes and the ability to replicate them synthetically. By utilizing light energy, these photocatalysts can trigger specific chemical reactions, leading to targeted drug release, enhanced tissue regeneration, and precise imaging of biological structures. In this context, addressing the stability, long-term performance, scalability, and cost-effectiveness of these materials is crucial for their widespread implementation in biomedical applications. While challenges such as complexity and stability persist, their advantages such as targeted drug delivery and personalized medicine make them a fascinating area of research. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive analysis and evaluation of existing research, highlighting the advancements, current challenges, advantages, limitations, and future prospects of bioinspired and biomimetic photocatalysts in biomedicine. © 2024 Chongqing University
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    Mesoporous silica@chitosan@gold nanoparticles as “on/off” optical biosensor and pH-sensitive theranostic platform against cancer
    (Elsevier, 2022) Esmaeili, Y.; Khavani, M.; Bigham, A.; Sanati, A.; Bidram, E.; Zarrabi, A.
    A cancer nanotheranostic system was fabricated based on mesoporous silica@chitosan@gold (MCM@CS@Au) nanosystem targeted by aptamer toward the MUC-1 positive tumor cells. Subsequently, curcumin as an efficient herbal anticancer drug was first encapsulated into chitosan-triphosphate nanoparticles and then the resulted nanoparticle was loaded into the nanosystem (MCM@CS@Au-Apt). The nanosystem successful fabrication was approved at each synthesis step through FTIR, XRD, BET, DLS, FE-SEM, HRTEM, and fluorescence spectroscopy. Besides, the interaction between aptamer and curcumin was evaluated using full atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. The mechanism of curcumin release was likewise investigated through different kinetic models. Afterwards, the potential of the designed nanosystem in targeted imaging, and drug delivery was evaluated using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. It was found that the energy transfer between the base pairs in the hairpin of double strands of DNA aptamer acts as a quencher for MCM@CS@Au fluorescence culminating in an “on/off” optical biosensor. On the other hand, the presence of pH-sensitive chitosan nanoparticles creates smart nanosystem to deliver more curcumin into the desired cells. Indeed, when the aptamer specifically binds to the MUC-1 receptor, its double strands separate under the low pH condition, leading to the drug release and the recovery of the fluorescence (“On” state). Based on the toxicity results, this nanosystem had more toxicity toward the MUC-1-positive tumor cells than MUC-1-negative cells, representing its selective targeting. Therefore, this nanosystem could be introduced as a smart anticancer nanotheranostic system for tracing particular biomarkers (MUC-1), non-invasive fluorescence imaging, and targeted curcumin delivery. © 2022